Capital budgeting practices in different countriesindustrial Essay

Capital budgeting practices in different countriesindustrial corporations - Essay Example In today’s world of complex business process, corporate capital budgeting is one of the most important and critical decisions faced by the financial managers. In businesses individuals invests large sums of money which generate cash flow benefit over a period of more than one year. This is the crux of capital expenditures. The goods on which capital expenditures are made include purchasing of new equipments, acquiring of new technologies and that of launching research and development programs and so on. Along with these capital expenditures, a huge volume of cash outlays are involved with significant implications on the future values of the company. Analysis of capital expenditures is a crucial dimension in the business sphere. In this respect concept of capital budgeting (CB) can be introduced. In simple terms it is a business practice utilized for planning the acquisition of long term investments. The prime factor included in capital budgeting is that the organization or the company which builds and starts to use in one year will be highly useful in the future years (Finkler, 244). The importance of capital budgeting is immense as it includes decisions for the future profitability of the companies. Now this technique varies across geographical borders and difference exists in a stark manner within the corporations of developed and developing countries. Developed countries like United States of America exercise thorough scientific analysis associated with the capital budgeting techniques. ... While in the developing countries, the corporations practice formal processes and some also do not follow proper scientific methods for evaluation resulting from the lack of familiarity with such scientific methods (Blum, 1). The underlying mechanism of this paper is based on highlighting the capital budgeting practices in different countries industrial corporations. Decision making is the most crucial process within business operations. Effective decision making evolves from properly analyzing and evaluating the alternatives that are available and then selecting the most feasible as well valuable decision from the available options. The process of capital budgeting assesses the business operations of the companies through quantitative evaluation techniques. Through these techniques, capital budgeting method involves the forecasting of the performances of the future decisions associated with long term investments within the corporations. Capital budgeting techniques utilizes data fro m the financial and operating reports of the firms for predicting the performance of the investment in the corporate and their also their strategic options. In majority of the businesses CB process follows a synchronized application process which involves some fundamental evaluation techniques. The first step of CB is to collect investment ideas followed by a analysis of costs and benefits associated with the proposed investments. Then the subsequent step involves ranking attachments to each of the proposed investments followed by implementation of the selected investment and also simultaneous evaluation of the investments which are implemented. There are certain valuation techniques

Jury Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jury Bias - Essay Example However, there are states that permit a limited number of 6 people in juries when dealing with minor cases. It is also imperative to identify if there is a juror who harbors any individual interest either through bias or prejudice (Burns, 2006). Next is opening statements. This is whereby an outline of proof is presented by each side to the jury as trial proceeds. However, it is critical to note that opening statements are not the same as evidence but the expectations of the parties the evidence is supposed to prove. After that the trial moves to the presentation of testimony of witnesses or presentation of evidence. It is essential to observe here that the constitutional trial rights of each party are paramount under the guiding jurisdiction of the law. The first case to be presented is the prosecutions or plaintiffs. On that account, during the testimony of the witness, a direct examination is conducted by the side that summoned the witness. This is followed by cross examination by the side that did not call the witness. It I here where there is presentation of physical evidence such as weapons or documents among others for identification (Burnett, 2003). Next is the closing arguments whereby there is summary of the entire evidence by the sitting attorneys. Alternatively, the attorneys also attempt to make persuasion in favor of their client to the jury. It is during this step where the attorneys strongly invoke the constitutional trial rights of their clients and my open or close the arguments. Thereafter, instructions are presented to jury in order for the judges to make sound deliberations (Burns, 2006). In other words, during this phase there is reading of instructions on the law that governs the presented case. The last step entails deliberation whereby the case is considered in order to re ach a verdict. First, the jury elects a foreperson to oversee the discussions in order to be