Equus Reading Response free essay sample

Shaffer’s play Equus is about Alan Strang and his recognition on ponies. Alan is at present being treated by a Martin Dysart, his therapist, for blinding six ponies. His specialist attempts to get Alan to clarify what was happening and he in the long run starts to open up. When Alan was a kid, his mom was a Christian who read the holy book to him consistently. At some point, his dad wrecked an image of the torturous killing of Jesus and Alan chose to supplant it with an image of a pony. During Alan’s adolescence, he grew a fascination towards ponies from cowpoke motion pictures, his mother’s stories, and his grandfather’s love for ponies. Later in the play, Alan finds a new line of work at a stable and meets Jill Mason. Jill persuades Alan to engage in sexual relations with the ponies in view of his fascination. So as to engage in sexual relations with the ponies, Alan cuts the horse’s eyes since he accepted that they were Gods. We will compose a custom exposition test on Equus Reading Response or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page He didn't need the ponies to see the transgression he was going to focus on them. Alan’s youth influenced the way Alan considered ponies enormously. The image of Jesus that was supplanted befuddled him and he supplanted Jesus with ponies in his mind. At the point when his mom would reveal to him stories from the holy book, Alan had pictures of ponies rather than pictures of Jesus. At the point when he engages in sexual relations with the ponies, he cuts them in the eye since he accepts that they are Gods. He didn't need the Gods to perceive what he was going to do to them.

Adolf Hitlers Rise To Power To Rule Germany History Essay

My location is about the life of a German corporal who battled in World War I, got 2 beautifications, joined the German Worker ‘s Party, drove it, and took part in World War II, as the pioneer of Germany. As such, my location is about Adolf Hitler. Since none of us would be intrigued to be re-told the account of the subsequent World War, I will focus predominantly on Hitler ‘s ascend to control, which happened between the 2 World Wars. I would wish to parcel with you Hitler ‘s ascend to control, from the terminal of World War I in 1919 stone mud Hitler ‘s presidential term in 1934.Body:Even however World War I finished seriously for Germany, which continued awful monetary, military, and human losingss, Hitler stayed in the German Army and filled in as a constabulary covert operator whose strategic to penetrate a little gathering called the German Worker ‘s Party. Orchestrating to Richard Bessel in his book â€Å" Nazism and War † , it was so when Hitler was intrigued and captivated in the counter semitic, hostile to Marxist, and against entrepreneur contemplations that this gathering supported. As Hitler ‘s addresss developed increasingly more well known in the gathering arrays, an establishing part called Dietrich Eckhart found a contribution in Hitler. Hitler references him in his self-portrayal â€Å" My Struggle † as his insightful man. Eckhart helped Hitler gown exquisitely, enchant individuals to fall in the reason, and run into of import individuals in the specialists In March 1920, as Hitler developed increasingly famous, he assumed responsibility for the gathering and had it renamed to the National Socialist German Worker ‘s Party, and was later released from the military, orchestrating to â€Å" The Hitler Book † . ( Passage: Now that we know how Hitler picked up prevalence genuinely quick, permit ‘s perceive how he utilized it for his potential benefit. ) In 1924, Hitler was tired from the powerless German specialists and endeavored a putsch in Munich which he alluded to as the Beer Putche in his second book named â€Å" The Secret Book † . His exertion was thwarted by the German military and Hitler was condemned to 5 mature ages of gaol. Incidentally, a similar grown-up male who caused to Jewish race murder got his sentence decreased to 9 months because of good conduct, yet Hitler took in his exercise. As his life on www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org expressed, Hitler ‘s bondage â€Å" changed him from an unfit swashbuckler into an adroit political strategist † . Hence in 1925, after Hitler other than figured out how to unban his gathering and recuperate approval to give open addresss, he effectively got more individuals to fall the Nazi party. His speech achievements helped him pass on Left and Right flying movements together, and Hitler was prepared to go in the races. In 1928, Hitler began by holding a minor 2 % of the voting forms and 12 seats in the Reichstag. At that point, he moved his strategies ; Hitler prevailed upon the industrialists, the conservativists, and even the Army circles. Furthermore, in 1930, he oversaw 18 % of the polling forms with 107 seats. Two mature ages thusly, Hitler got 37 % of the voting forms with 230 seats. ( Passage: Now that Hitler framed a fruitful gathering with more than 200 seats in the Reichstag, permit us see his definitive ascent to control, the best approach to presidential term. ) Orchestrating to â€Å" The Hitler Book † , the Nazis began inferring cardinal places in the specialists, and Hitler was non fulfilled. In 1933, President Hindenburg selected Hitler as Chancellor. Also, as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hitler helped the Nazi party by dousing its resistances, by controlling the Communist Party of Germany and the Social Democratic Party, and therefore by proclaiming the Nazi party as the solitary lawful gathering in Germany. At that point in 1934, after President Hindenburg ‘s perish, Hitler accepted offer as the Leader and Chancellor of the Third Reich, holding 85 % of the polling forms. In the wake of taking control strategically, Hitler began pressuring military pioneers to clear their stations just to be filled without anyone else or other individual Nazis so all the state ‘s forces would be left in the authorities of one grown-up male, himself.Decision:In choice, despite the fact that Hitler had lifted the state from the financial downturn it was suffering, he got greedier and took his capacity yearning to an entirely different degree, a war on the entirety of Europe, which drove him to a descending winding bing him the war, the state, and his life. My goal was non only to advise you regarding within informations of Hitler ‘s ascend to control, yet close to of the strategies behind that. How might one be able to grown-up male expansion so much force so quick? In his book â€Å" My Struggle † , Hitler said that the answer is in his capacity of influence by his rousing addresss. His speech achievements drove the German individuals to swear him to run their state. In the event that a grown-up male, who hence slaughtered 1000000s of Jews, was chosen president because of his unwritten achievements, what might individuals, having these equivalent unwritten achievements, however with great purposes, accordingly do throughout everyday life?

Case Study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Contextual investigation examination - Essay Example An association without a dream, crucial, and values is destined to fizzle. It is difficult for such an association to have the option to set their objectives and targets. The association has no characterized future and doesn't have the foggiest idea what it exists to do. Vision, strategic qualities help an association to have shared objectives and destinations in an association. The administration hopes to boost the degree of their benefits. They additionally hope to bring down their working expenses. Thinking about the degree of rivalry in the business, the administration hopes to have a feasible advantage over their rivals. The administration likewise hopes to have the opportune individuals for the activity. They hope to be treated with deference and poise. They likewise expect the organization will deliver results of high caliber that will address their issues. The clients expect the organization will have the ongoing innovation to improve their proficiency. There is a quick difference in innovation, and the organization wouldn't like to embrace the new changes. The companies’ workforce has changed with time just as their needs. The organization needs to adjust to the progressions and become familiar with the requirements of its workforce so as to keep them fulfilled in the activity. The organization likewise needs to gain proficiency with the changing needs of the client so as to stay serious in the market. The chief (Meyerson) moral improvement is inside the phase of the implicit understanding. Meyerson values various assessments and the privileges of representatives. The supervisor accepts that the association ought to receive strategies that lead as per the general inclination of most of laborers. The administrator has concocted new administration styles that lead as per the general inclination of most of the representatives. Meyerson has opened the correspondence divert in the association for workers to get to him straightforwardly. He has additionally grasped the issues of the workforce as issues of the entire association. (Robbins, 2005) The model is perfect in assessment of key

Healthy People 2020 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Solid People 2020 - Essay Example Unarguably, the worldwide scene is a significant factor while thinking about worldwide wellbeing. The issue turns out to be altogether increasingly significant when getting down to a heading and potential strides to be engaged with making sure about these objectives, especially within the sight of hard realities and ground real factors. Worldwide wellbeing is vital to the United States because of its capacity to rise above the physical fringes of states and enter the US in this way undermining the wellbeing and security of the American populace. At first, the worry with respect to worldwide wellbeing has concentrated on the fortune and accessibility of predominant medicinal services frameworks and innovations in the creating and immature nations. Liberal gifts have given the financial help for managing prominent maladies and principal advances yet there is a requirement for an all the more enduring distinguishing proof of the greater part of human services issues. Koh, Piotrowski, Ku manyika and Fielding (2011) perceive the hugeness of worldwide wellbeing in urging most extreme achievement relating to general medical problems through more noteworthy information openness, better objective setting technique, feasible key objectives, and quality wellbeing measures. Since the strength of the American populace is firmly connected with worldwide wellbeing, social insurance change laws spent inside late years can give new chances to the advancement of wellbeing and health inside national fringes and past in order to yield a more advantageous world network by 2020 and henceforth a more beneficial America.

Surgical Treatment For Morbid Obesity Essay -- Medicine Health Papers

In today’s society where great looks, physical wellness, appearance, and great wellbeing are utilized to quantify achievement, certainty, and restraint, ironicly dietary problems are so pervasive in our way of life. Individuals are so worried about how others see their physical appearance that when they can't live up to their own or others’ desires they regularly create dietary problems. In any case, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are not by any means the only sorts of dietary issues. Today there is an expanding number of fat individuals who experience the ill effects of indulging. These individuals discover it particularly hard to have the sort of ways of life that they want. Heftiness and related clinical difficulties end the lives of thousands of individuals every year. Numerous fat people know about present or conceivable clinical issues, yet however they have attempted assorted measures to take care of their eating issues by utilizing concealment drugs, busin ess diet programs, social treatments, trance, practice programs, jaw wiring, and so forth., they for the most part recover the weight after it is lost. Careful intercession, which began in the 1960’s, in any case, has increased expanded prevalence over the most recent 50 years as a methods for controlling and keeping up weight reduction for butterball shaped people. This paper will furnish you with general realities concerning careful mediation for corpulent patients, claims made by sites, just as proof and results dependent on logical discoveries. The objective for paper is to assist perusers with understanding the surgeries, the advantages and dangers included, and to respond to questions that potential contender for careful intercession may have. Who Qualifies for Surgery? As indicated by the SurgiLite site (surgilite.net/Introduction.htm), despite the fact that I... ... Book index Chandarana P., Holliday R., Conlon P., Deslippe T. (1988). Psychosocial contemplations in gastric stapling medical procedure. Diary of Psychosomatic Research, 32 (1) 85-92. Garrow, JS. (1989). When to exhort medical procedure for serious stoutness. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 65 (759) 10-3. O’Brien., Brown WA., Smith A., McMurrick PJ., Stephens M. (1999). Imminent investigation of a laparoscopically put, customizable gastric band in the treatment of dreary stoutness. English Journal of Surgery, 86 (1) 113-118. Reeves-Darby V., Soloway RD., Halpert R. (1990) Gastric bezoar entangling gastric stapling. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 85 (3) 326-327. Schauer PR., Ikramuddin S., Gourash WF., (1999) Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric detour: a case report at one-year development. Diary of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques: Part A, 9 (1) 101-106.

Sounding Stupid

Sounding Stupid How To Avoid Sounding Stupid* *All advice should be taken with a grain of salt/pepper/Adobo and a pinch of parsley. Don’t ask questions in class; everyone around you will think you’re stupid for not understanding the concept on the first try. Don’t ask the person sitting next to you to clarify what’s on the board; they’ll ridicule you for poor eye sight and tendency to zone out. Don’t ask for clarification in an argument; that’s a sign of weakness that will immediately result in losing. Don’t go to office hours; you don’t want the TAs to put a name to a face and judge all of the stupidity that ends up on your psets. Don’t admit you’re wrong, even in the face of undeniable evidence. You can always question its legitimacy later. Don’t ask your professors to proofread your essays; you don’t want to be there when they find out you can’t remember the difference between affect and effect. Don’t voice any of your opinions; chances are you haven’t thought it through and they will poke holes in everything you hold dear. Don’t leave your room; everyone will see your torn up shoes and tattered jeans and dismiss everything you say. Don’t chime in on discussions about things you haven’t mastered. What do you know about the Palestine Israel situation? There are people who dedicated their lives to the study. Actually, don’t do anything that would be considered “chiming in”. Don’t talk at all, your poor diction and heavy slang use will make you look uneducated and is there anything worse than that? Don’t ask for the definition of a word; just smile, nod, and Google it in your free time. Or, ignore all of this terrible advice because you’re paying for your education and it’s your job to make the most of it. Life became a lot easier when the phrase I dont know what that is/means entered my repertoire.  In the words of Jake from Adventure Time

How to Get Into Vanderbilt SAT and ACT Scores, GPA, and More

Vanderbilt University, also sometimes affectionately known as â€Å"Vandy,† is one of the best colleges in the nation located one of the hippest cities ever, Nashville, Tennessee. Vanderbilt is a highly prestigious, highly selective private research institute known equally for its acclaimed music school and medical center. Currently ranked #15 in national universities, Vanderbilt draws the best and brightest students from all over the world. And as you may have guessed, Vanderbilt isn’t exactly easy to get into. So before we jump into exactly how to get into Vanderbilt, let’s take a quick look at the Vanderbilt admissions statistics. Quick Vanderbilt Admissions Statistics Vanderbilt SAT scores (average composite score of admitted students) 1475 out of 1600 Vanderbilt ACT scores (average composite score of admitted students) 34 out of 36 Vanderbilt GPA (average of admitted students) 3.8 out of 4.0 Vanderbilt acceptance rate 9.6% for class of 2022) Yep, you’re going to have to be a pretty impressive candidate to get into Vanderbilt, but we believe in you! For more information on exactly how to get into Vanderbilt, read on! More About Vanderbilt SAT Scores If you plan to submit SAT scores to Vanderbilt, here are a few things to keep in mind: Vanderbilt requires the SAT or the ACT, but you can submit scores for both if you’d like. Vanderbilt superscores the SAT, which means that they take only the highest grades on individual sections across all testing dates into consideration. The SAT Essay is optional. SAT scores must be reported directly from the testing agency, not self reported. SAT subject tests are optional. So now onto the fun part: the score you’ll need to be a serious contender. The average SAT score of students accepted to Vanderbilt is 1530, but looking at percentiles will help give you a clearer idea of your actual chances of getting in with various scores: The 25th percentile for Vanderbilt SAT scores is 1, AdmitSee So who are these highly impressive students being admitted to Vanderbilt? The most recent Vanderbilt freshman profile published reflects tons of data on the class of 2022, which gives us a good indication of the type of students getting into Vandy. Most notably, the students admitted to the class of 2022 are: Female51% Male49% American Indian or Alaska Native0.3% Asian or Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 15.4% Black/African American 11.9% Hispanic of any race 10.1% Two or more races 5.6% Total minority 43.2% International 12.4% Students receiving financial assistance 66% Students receiving Pell grants 15% The profile also includes lots of interesting information on enrollment by region, financial aid awarded, etc. But really, the most noteworthy trend in Vanderbilt’s admissions is that the student body is becoming decidedly more diverse, which is a great thing! Vanderbilt Admissions Requirements So what will you actually need to gather and submit if you plan to apply to Vanderbilt? You’ll find everything you need to know in Vanderbilt’s undergraduate admissions overview including admissions requirements for homeschool applicants, international applicants, transfer applicants, QuestBridge applicants, and Blair School of Music applicants. But for convenience, here’s an application checklist for first-year applicants: A completed Coalition Application or Common Application (Remember that for either application, you will need to write an essay; here’s a guide to writing a Common App essay that will help you get you accepted!) A $50 application fee or fee waiver Official high school transcripts Letter of recommendation from your school counselor Two letters of recommendation from academic teachers who know you and can speak to your academic talent, growth, potential, and character (p.s. here’s a great guide to asking for a letter of recommendation!) Official SAT and/or ACT scores, or TOEFL or IELTS scores for non-native English speakers Vanderbilt Admissions FAQs This is a super sweet, comprehensive list of Vanderbilt FAQs, covering everything from academics to financial aid. And you’ll be hard-pressed to think of a question about applying to Vanderbilt that isn’t included. Among the most common FAQs: Does Vanderbilt interview? Interviews are not part of the formal application process, but some interviews with Vanderbilt alumni are available to prospective students looking to learn more about the school. Here is more information on Vanderbilt interviews. Does Vanderbilt give credit for AP classes? Yep! Vanderbilt awards college credit to AP test scores of 4-5 and IB test scores of 6-7. Here’s more information about the required scores for specific exams. Is Vanderbilt need-blind? Yes, which means that your financial need is not taken into consideration when reviewing your application. You can read more about Vanderbilt’s financial aid, but know that Vanderbilt commits to funding 100% of accepted students’ demonstrated need and does not give out financial aid in the form of loans. How to Get Into Vanderbilt Wondering how to get into Vanderbilt, in a nutshell? Here’s the short answer based on everything we’ve gone over: be an academic rockstar! The real key, though, is to make sure that your application is impressive all the way around. A high GPA or excellent SAT scores on their own won’t cut it. Beyond the combined powers of a high GPA and high test scores, what can you do to make your application stand out? Write a truly outstanding essay. Make sure that your essay paints a unique and compelling portrait of yourself while being well crafted and perfectly polished. We recommend revising it many times, so start drafting it early! Get the best letters of recommendation possible. Don’t ask teachers who don’t really know you or your academic work, and don’t ask under a time crunch. Give your teachers ample time to put the proper thought and energy into recommending you. A meaningful letter of recommendation can be a game-changer on a college application! Participate in plenty of extracurricular and/or service-based activities. The more, the better, especially if you’ve been in a leadership position (e.g. a team captain). Don’t be afraid to brag. If you have awards, honors, or publications, for example, list them on your application! Remember that the key is to stress why you want to join the Vanderbilt community and what you can contribute to it. The more well-rounded you are, the better chances you have of getting accepted. And of course, since standardized tests are so integral to your application, start studying early! Here is a great, free 1-week SAT free trial as well as a great 1-week ACT free trial to get you started! Good luck!!

Women in the Scientific Revolution Era Essay - 1452 Words

During the Middle Ages, except for those in religious positions, women were only seen as three things, which were daughter, wife, and mother. But in the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries, new opportunities in learning humanism arose for only those in the higher class families. Even though they started to educate themselves, the majority had no rights whatsoever in money matters as well as estate. From the 17th century and up to the scientific revolution, women’s rights had consistently been improving. However, during the revolution, the study of the human body brought to attention that the male brain is quite larger than that of a female. This revelation set back the female race back to a limited role, but this time this setback was†¦show more content†¦This is because the water at that time was too hazardous to drink and most people drank small ale. So sometimes, the women in that time period could make something of themselves, but most couldn’t even enjo y the freedom of being who they want to truly be. Since the Christian religion was a large and prominent force in the everyday life in the average person in the 17th and 18th century, the Bible was a large influence in how the woman was seen in society as it says, â€Å"Wives, submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife even as Christ is the head of the church†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ephesians 5:22-23, 33). The Bible is that the woman was ruled by her husband, that she didn’t even have her own head, and cannot think for herself because it was expected by the very faith that she must submit to her husband. The Holy Book also says that the woman was created from the rib of the man, which it is known now as completely preposterous, so it implies that the woman is inferior to man because she was created from man, because heaven forbid that any evidence point towards that it is man that came from a woman. And then towards the middle of the 1600, w hen the Scientific Revolution was beginning, women slowly began to work with the fields of math and science. Even though theyShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Revolution Of The Human History Essay1102 Words   |  5 Pages Scientific Revolution: An Important Event in the Human History The moments when I write these words are history, so we could say history deals with the past. However, the past has not passed completely. The future will also be history. History is a very dynamic notion and concept. What is history is really hard to define. Change is central to history. Yet, history is not only about details. There are certain things that demonstrate true history. These events have varied in time and space. AmongRead MoreThe Invention Of The Scientific Revolution1705 Words   |  7 PagesWomen in the Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution is generally considered part of the broader intellectual revolution that began with the Italian Renaissance and the rediscovery and translation of the classical writers, particularly Aristotle, sometime during the fourteenth century. It is only in retrospect that one can understand broad movements, such as this, but one can assert with confidence that the scientific revolution resulted from a confluence of several factors, most particularlyRead MoreWhat Were the Causes and Consequences of the Scientific Revolution and How Did It Change the World from 1500 - 1800?1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scientific Revolution was an important time in history, but it was by no means sudden. The catalyst of the Revolution were a while in the making with writings and philosophies from Ancient Greece and Rome inspiring people and was a long process of gradual of upheaval, up until the Enlightenment. This essay will examine the various, but not inexhaustible, causes that may have contributed to the Scientific Revolution; the teaching and philosophies of Aristotle, Ptolemy and Descartes, The RenaissanceRead MoreEnlightenment And The Enlightenment Movement In The 18th Century975 Words   |  4 PagesEnlightenment is a concept that promoted individual rational logic and thinking as more valuable than traditional. The enlightenment thinkers rejected the old assumption about everything and committed to things that could be demonstrated through scientific experimentation. They are loosely organized intellectual movement, egalitarian, liberal, rationalist, secular, and impartial in both values and outlook. In the longer term standpoint, the enlightenment can be taken to the last phase of the cumulativeRead MoreThe Enlightenment Era Of 1620 And 1789910 Words   |  4 Pages Enlightenment Era of 1620 and 1789 The European politics, communication, science and philosophy were radically reoriented between 1685 and 1815, during a time that was referred to as the Age of Reason, or in other words, the Enlightenment Era. The European thinkers from Britain, France and throughout Europe started questioning the traditional authority and developed the idea that humanity could be made better through rational change. As a result of the Enlightenment, there was production of numerousRead Morefactors that contributed to the rise and development of sociology1511 Words   |  7 Pages In simply terms, sociology is the scientific study of the society and human behavior. The emergence of sociology traces back to the eighteenth century up to present day. Johnson (1998) suggests that in summary, the rise and development of sociology is based on political, economic, demographic, social and scientific changes. Ritzer (2008) asserts that the immediate cause for the beginning of sociology were political unrests especially the French Revolution that took over from the eighteenth centuryRead MoreThe Origins Of Christianity And Hinduism1737 Words   |  7 PagesFor the majority of the time that the largest religions in the world have existed, it has been in the pre modern era. As people developed and new ways of thought emerged, the scientific revolution sparked the modern era. This spark is what started to challenge many of the beliefs and practices upheld through all religions. Through these challenges, different interpreters and practices have formed which changed the course of development form the contemporary time period. This paper will reflect ofRead MoreHuman Relations Movement1552 Words   |  7 Pagesclassical and scientific management in the industry today. This approach raises some important questions about what are the keys function of the classical-scientific management theory, and the contrast of the worker in the classical-scientific and behavioral management. Some additional points need to be considered such as the Hawthorne studies and also the most important aspect covered is the Industrial Revolution that had the biggest influence on management. The Industrial Revolution in the eighteenthRead MoreRococo Art in Europe and America Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe Rococo era in Europe was a time of new ideas, thoughts and expressions. High society adapted to the change in culture when Louis XIV of France died. The Rococo era/time frame brought in a new wave of elegance and sophistication. This period is often referred to as the century of revolutions. Philosophy, science, rhetorical works and industries were all part of the age of revolution, a bevy of ideas and breakthroughs in the world of men. This age influenced American art only in the senseRead MoreEssay about What Can Be Learned From the Study of The Prehistoric Era?1011 Words   |  5 PagesThe study of the prehistoric era has resulted in many findings, which has opened the door for many sciences. There have been great strides made in the exploration of prehistoric humans, in that modern day society has gained insight into the past. This should not be judged as having been an easy feat. Earlier researchers would have had us believe that prehistoric intelligence was not possible among â€Å"savages.† However, humankind’s natural instinct is to pursue knowledge and move forward. All

Non Medical Use Of Prescription Drugs Among Treatment Essay

Non-medical use of prescription drugs among treatment seeking population in Singapore: the impact on life and services (temp title) Asharani PV, Mythily Subramaniam, Edimansyah Bin Abdin, Guo Song, Christopher Cheok Prescription medications have improved the overall well beings of patients worldwide with many new drugs hitting the market in the past decade. These drugs which are prescribed by the general practitioners and specialist to treat various ailments were diverted and abused by people leading to the inception of a drug epidemic that prompted centre for disease control to declare the condition as a â€Å"public health epidemic†, under its priority projects. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 15.1 million people in the US abuse prescription drug which is 50 times higher than heroin (Fischer, Rehm, Patra, Cruz, 2006; Joseph A. Califano, 2005). Among the prescription drugs, opioids, central nervous system depressants and stimulants are the most commonly abused drugs through diversion (Centre for Lawful Access and Abuse Deterrence, 2009; National institute on Drug Abuse, 2015a). Hydrocodone, oxycodone, and morphine are the most abused prescription analgesics in overdose deaths (Warner, Chen, Makuc, Anderson, Minino, 2011). The perception that the prescription drugs (PD) are legal as it is prescribed by the doctor and the acceptance of opiates for medical use are cited as common reasons contributing to abuse (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime,Show MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Use And Drug Abuse1691 Words   |  7 PagesPrescription drug abuse is an ongoing problem in rural teens. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health suggests that 13% of teens between the ages of 12-17 have experimented with nonmedical prescription drugs at some point in their lives. Researchers have identified several factors linked with nonme dical prescription drug use such as their school enrollment status, history of depression, and a two parent household presence (Gever, 2010). Nonmedical prescription drug abuse has been the rise, inRead MoreDrug Abuse Within The Elderly Population1135 Words   |  5 Pagesof prescriptions written for controlled substances (those with an addictive quality) has increased more than 150% since 2008. Until recently, the social issue of drug abuse within the elderly population has not been widely understood or addressed. Because this is an issue affecting an ever-growing number of the country’s population, the focus of our practice based research project will be based primarily on the increasing number of older adults who are becoming addicted to prescription drugs. ToRead MoreAbuse Of Opioid Drug Prevention1174 Words   |  5 PagesAbuse of opioid pain relievers (OPRs) continues to increase in the United States. Opioid-related overdose deaths since 1999 have quadrupled, correlated with quadrupled dispensing of prescription opioids (Rudd et al., 2016, CDC, 217). Among these deaths, prescription opioids have been involved approximately half (CDC, 2017). According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the central issue is elevated prescribing rates of physicians and the solution to this problem is safer prescribing practicesRead MoreWarning : Side Effects On Health874 Words   |  4 Pagesat you like you’re a drug addict and then they look at you like they can treat you any way they want. You know what I mean. You’re a drug addict. Well, you’re lower than I am if you use drugs.† (Earnshaw, et. al, 8). Impacts of addiction can be felt by the whole community. Administration of psychoactive medication is a valuable te chnique of treatment for ailments, but irresponsible use of these substances by patients can lead to fixation. Concerns of psychologists and medical doctors are rising aroundRead MoreDrug Addiction1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Addiction Drug abuse is an increasing epidemic in today’s society. There are so many types of drugs being abused today, both legal and illegal. These drugs affect the human body in many different ways. Drug abuse can lead to addiction. â€Å"Drug addiction involves the repeated and excessive use of a drug to produce pleasure or escape reality despite its destructive effects† (â€Å"Environmental Health Perspectives,† 2005). Drug addicts believe that drugs are necessary for them to have a feelingRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse : Drug And Free World1508 Words   |  7 Pages12 to 17 abuse a prescription pain reliever for the first time (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) A 2007 survey in the United States found that 3.3% of 12 to 17 years olds and 6% of 17 to 25 year olds had abused prescription drugs in the past month (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) Prescription drug abuse causes the largest percentage of deaths from drug overdoses (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse StatisticsRead MoreSubstance Abuse and Chemical Dependency1703 Words   |  7 Pagessubstance (drug) use leading to significant problems or distress such as failure to attend work/school, substance use in dangerous situations (driving a car), substance-related legal problems, or continued substance use that interferes with friendships and or family relationships. Substance abuse, as a disorder, refers to the abuse of illegal substances or the abusive use of legal substances. Alcohol is the most common legal drug of abuse. Chemical dependence is used to describe the compulsive use of chemicalsRead MoreMedical Applications Of Medical Marijuana933 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Marijuana (MM) is a highly contested topic in American society. There are all kinds of stereotypes and negative connotations associated with MM. Some believe that MM has no medical use. Others attribute marijuana itself to the use of harmful street narcotics which is commonly referred to as a gateway drug. It is important to understand all of the benefits of MM that have been proven as well as the unfounded arguments made against it. MM has been proven to have many founded beneficialRead MoreIntroduction . Addiction Is An Incontrollable Need For728 Words   |  3 Pagesusers to not get the treatment they need, they will continue to do everything in their power to get ahold of the opiate drug of their choice. This could lead to stealing from people they know or family and friends and lead to hurting people, including loved ones. The use of opiates has been on the rise. Many studies have been done to close in on the cause of this addiction and why it continues to happen. These addictions are out of control, but there is plenty of treatment facilities to redirectRead MoreHeroin And Its Effects On The United States895 Words   |  4 Pagesintroducing anti-opiate drugs, such as Naxaloone, Methadone, and Buprenorphine ↠ THIS SENTENCE IS A COMMA SPLICE. These said drugs would fight all the heroin-induced chemicals, until eradicating the necessity for heroin. It is essentially like rewiring your brai n to get rid of the opiates. An estimated 22 million Americans are dependent on or abusing drugs or alcohol, at huge costs to society. Deaths from overdoses due to heroin and other opioids, including the prescription painkillers. U.S. Attorney

Machiavelli s The Prince And Socrates - 2011 Words

On the heels of the Peloponnesian war, Socrates was blamed for corrupting the youth and disrespecting the Athenian gods and Athenian values. His defense or â€Å"Apology† and reaction after he was sentenced to death in â€Å"Crito† demonstrate his most basic philosophy and ideals of what a government should truly be like. Yet in a vastly different situation, Machiavelli, who lived during the renaissance of Italy experienced constant shifts of power which he wrote his book, â€Å"The Prince†. Machiavelli writes about how a leader or prince should conduct himself in order to keep and efficiently run a republic or principality. Although Socrates’ texts on the surface deal with his accusations, the texts give great insight as to how he thinks a government†¦show more content†¦18). A true prince in Machiavelli’s eyes is someone that the nobles, people, army, and neighboring states will be dependent on. To Machiavelli humans are by nature power h ungry and greedy and that as long as there is dependence on the prince whether it is due to heredity, fear, or a variety of other factors, he will remain in power. Socrates would view Machiavelli’s concept of a prince as ignorant and built upon falsehoods as seen through Machiavelli’s explanations of holding new principalities. From the very start of â€Å"The Prince† Machiavelli explains that hereditary principalities are always easier to rule, because of the fact that â€Å"it is sufficient only for the prince to maintain the customs of those who ruled before him† (Machiavelli, Ch. 2). In contrast Socrates in the â€Å"Apology† passionately fights against the status quo. He likens himself to that as a gadfly of the Athenian state stinging the large horse â€Å"great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life† (Apology, 30e). Socrates finds that a leader who grows content and maintains customs as those before him is foolish as he does not think for himself. A truly enlightened prince would question and challenge everything that comes his way . An enlightened prince wouldShow MoreRelatedMachiavelli And Socrates s Concept Of A Prince1811 Words   |  8 Pages2017 GVPT241 (0105) Soulcraft vs. Statecraft Though Machiavelli and Socrates lived in distinct states, on the heels of the Peloponnesian War in Athens to the height of the Renaissance in Florence, respectively, a few common threads bind them together. They lived in periods of uncertainty, political fragmentation, and violence, and these experiences inform and shape their beliefs about how society and government as a whole should function. Socrates responds to his precarious surroundings with an approachRead MoreThe Last Days Of Socrates And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince And The Discourses1651 Words   |  7 PagesLast Days of Socrates, and Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses. Both pieces take place during political uncertainty with surrounding societal turmoil. Each take a different approach to how these issues must be dealt with. They each have their own construct of an ideal political regime which, at times overlap, but at others do not. Machiavelli seeks to gain power and wealth while Socrates seeks to gain knowledge and justice. It is because of these differences that Socra tes would disapproveRead MoreComparsion of Realism and Idealism in Niccolo Machiavelli ´s The Prince and Socrates ´ Plato ´s Republic1101 Words   |  5 PagesWhen speaking of Niccolà ² Machiavelli from The Prince and Socrates, from Plato’s Republic, there is no way to avoid the clash between realism and idealism. The contrasting of both of these states of minds, when it comes to ruling a city, per se, is fascinating because, while they are extremely different, they’re perceiving the same objective: ruling a civilization successfully. Machiavelli uses the concepts of virtà ¹, fortuna, and free-will to describe political success. On the other hand, in TheRead MoreSocrates And Niccolo Machiavelli1735 Words   |  7 PagesEssay 1: Socrates and Machiavelli Although Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli lived in different time periods, the political climate that their philosophies were founded on were very similar. The trial of Socrates began after the Peloponnesian War when the new Spartan Tyranny took over the Athenian government. Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the gods by the Spartan government. In the eyes of the Spartan government Socrates is a gadfly because of his posing of upsettingRead MoreMorality Vs Machiavelli1161 Words   |  5 PagesSocrates, however, asserts the importance of morality and ethics in a ruler, and argues that soul craft is ideal for an effective leader. Socrates contends, â€Å"Wealth does not bring goodness, but goodness brings wealth and every other blessing, both to the individual and the state† (Apology, 30b). Indeed, in opposition to Machiavelli, Socrates asserts that following one’s intuition and making decisions based on â€Å"goodness† will never lead a ruler and his state astray. Additionally, Socrates emphasizesRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1681 Words   |  7 PagesSocrates, in his early works, maintained a steadfast distance from involvement in politics, making a comparison or evaluation of a political system in his persona technically impossible. To claim that Socrates would or would not be supportive of any political system might then seem irresponsible, a presumptuous analysis not fitting for an academic recognizing the false equivalence between Socrates’ philosophy and Machiavelli’s political ethics. The strategy to conduct any sort of liable and validRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli2009 Words   |  9 PagesSocrates and Machiavelli are both very influential philosophers and two of the great minds of their time. However, both of these men had their own separate ideas that did not completely agree with one another. Machiavelli was born into a Renaissance time period of fragmented politics, lots of bloodshed, and angry citizens while Socrates grew up in a time of political adjustment and instability in Athens. Machiavelli constructed The Prince as a political pamphlet to his friend Lorenzo de MediciRead More Comparing Machiavellis The Prince and Platos The Republic Essay1790 Words   |  8 PagesComparing M achiavellis The Prince and Platos The Republic  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people in history have written about ideal rulers and states and how to maintain them.   Perhaps the most talked about and compared are Machiavellis, The Prince and Platos, The Republic.   Machiavelli lived at a time when Italy was suffering from its political destruction.   The Prince, was written to describe the ways by which a leader may gain and maintain power. In Plato?s The Republic, he unravels the definition of justiceRead MoreA Brief Note On Indian Poetry After Islam Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagestheological boundaries between the two traditions. Petrarch: Petrarch was born on July 20, 1304, in Arezzo, Tuscany. He was a classical scholar who was considered the Father of Humanism. There was a philosophy that helped spark the Renaissance. Petrarch s writing included well known odes to Laura. Laura was known as his lover. Petrarch was writing and was also used to shape the modern Italian language. He passed away at age of 69 in 1374. Classics and Humanism Petrarch became a cleric, making him eligibleRead MoreEssay about Ethical Decision Making3074 Words   |  13 Pagesnot quite say that the new is more valuable because it fits in; but its fitting in is a test of its value--a test, it is true, which can only be slowly and cautiously applied, for we are none of us infallible judges of conformity., the famous poet T. S. Elliot once said. Ethics and conformity go hand in hand; it is hard to talk about one subject without involving the other. The past two weeks of this humanities course has been centered around the relationship which exists between these two subjects

Same-Sex Marriage Essays - 1127 Words

Same-Sex Marriage The United States is known world wide for its civil rights and freedoms. Many Americans are appalled by the idea of same-sex marriages. What?s wrong with the idea of two people who care greatly for one another wanting to spend their lives together? The gay community is misunderstood because many straights are not willing to listen. These individuals would rather just be closed-minded in this situation and reticent to really think about what this means to the gay community and the country. Same sex couples are not asking for any special rights; they are just asking to be treated equal with opposite sex couples. The explanations given by many Americans against gay marriages are based on false assumptions and†¦show more content†¦of heterosexual adult couples. Many insist that everyone needs to realize that gat relationships are immoral, and that god placed a man and a woman on this earth for each other. This has nothing to do with whether gay marriages should be legal or not. This nation believes in freedom of religion as well as the right of freedom from religion. If an American believes in religious freedom then he or she has no basis for this argument. Furthermore, religious arguments should be immediately dismissed in the court of law. The straight community has fears for children who live in the home of a same-sex marriage. However, there is no scientific evidence to support that children who are raised in the home of same-sex couples are not ?normal.? Moreover, there are a number of dysfunctional heterosexual couples who have not provided a healthy, supportive environment needed to raise a ?normal? child. Then there is the argument of needing a man and a woman to raise a child. There is no scientific evidence to support that children raised by a single never-married or unmarried parent are not ?normal.? Opponents of gay marriages argue that same sex marriage is an untried social experiment. However, there are a number of countries that have permitt ed same sex-marriage including Denmark, Holland and Belgium. The Denmark clergy have noted beneficial effects from legalizing same sex marriages. Another argument against same sex-marriage is thatShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Marriage And Marriage948 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriage and same-sex parenting are comparatively new controversial topics in today’s world and its â€Å"mainstream† morality. I was not exposed to any homosexual â€Å"lifestyle† while growing up. I know that I am strongly traditional in my theological views, nevertheless, I vigorously believe that traditional marriage and parenting are devotional commitments between a man and a woman. Therefore, same-sex marriage and parenting are to me, issues of a society with strong traditional cultural identitiesRead MoreSame Sex Marriage754 Words   |  4 Pages 11/8/06 Argument Essay Same-Sex Marriage: Not a Match for Society Marriage, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is â€Å"the legal relationship into which a man and a woman enter with purpose of making a home and raising a family† (358).Although most people in the United States, including myself, agree on that definition, there are a select few who do not. Some feel same-sex marriage should be legalized; I disagree! I disagree because of its effects on children, its unnaturalness, and its religious immoralityRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1418 Words   |  6 PagesGay Couples Should Have the Same Rights As Married Couples Professor PHI 210 June 6, 2013 Same-sex marriage is a topic that has become increasingly more debatable throughout time. America has been said to be the â€Å"land of the free,† but when it comes to homosexual couples, it is far from that. If same-sex marriage was legalized, many positive outcomes could emerge from it; the society would be closer to equality, adoption would increase, gained social support for families would developRead Moreno to same-sex marriage!894 Words   |  4 Pageseverything builds up. I Corinthians 10:23 Against Same Sex Marriage - The Six Point Case Each of these six points against same sex marriage will be explained in detail in the following articles. Click on each link for more explanation. Natural marriage is the foundation of a civilized society. Homosexual behavior is inherently destructive. The law is a great teacher, and it encourages or discourages behavior. Government-backed same-sex marriage would encourage and normalize homosexual behaviorRead MoreSame-Sex Marriage 962 Words   |  4 Pagescaucasian because of laws passing interracial marriages around the 20th century due to Loving V. Virginia (Melina Patria). By the 1960s, the women’s rights movement was in full motion switching male and female roles drastically(Human right’s watch). The home may have no longer been spacious and big with the stock market crash of 1929(First Member Century). Its 2013 and there may be another possible alteration; same sex marriage. Even though same sex marriage may be a sensitive issue with people, as aRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1152 Words   |  5 PagesBiological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† Submitted by: Ellicia Jiona Candelaria Submitted to: Mrs. Joan Bataclan ABSTRACT Biological Sex-Marriage: â€Å"An Alteration to Humanity† This study describes the advantages and also the disadvantages of couples of the same sex being married. It aims to explore how it affects the society and most importantly the church. Same-sex marriage, popularly known as gay marriage, is a socially or legally reorganized wedlock between two persons of similarRead MoreSame Sex Marriage884 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex Marriage Is the definition of marriage being threatened in the United States? President Bill Clinton signed the federal Defense of Marriage Act into law on September 21, 1996. This Act defined marriage at the federal level as between a man and a woman. The federal DOMA statute ensured that no state would be forced to recognize gay marriages performed in other states and prevented same-sex couples from receiving federal protections and benefits given to married heterosexual couples. OnRead MoreSame Sex Marriage990 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters of gay marriage argue around the concept of equality in America. Our country is said to be found on the principle that all men are created equal, so that make it hypocritical to deny the rights of homosexuals, as it was hypocritical to deny freedom to African Americans or to prohibit women s suffrage. Supporters also believe that Gays should be allows the same benefits as regular married couples. For instance, only through marriage do same sex couple s have the rights to their partnerRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1120 Words   |  5 PagesSame sex marriage has been a topic on the rise throughout the U.S. It is what some of us may consider one of the more important topics of discussion for this time period. So far 17 states out of 50 have declared same sex marriage legal (States, 2013). Same sex marriage should be legal throughout the U.S. because same sex couples have a civil right to get married, along with a right to have access to the same benefits as heterosexual couples, and to be treated as equals without fear of discriminationRead MoreSame-sex Marriage604 Words   |  2 Pages in the media, same sex marriage has been widely discussed and debated. Some feel it should be legalized, while others believe that it is a sin and should remain illegal. Their are many pros and cons on both sides of this argument, however there are main points leading to why gay marriage should be legal. Legalizing gay marriage will not harm heterosexual marriages or family values, and society will continue to function normally. This is a true statement, because when two people get

Why You Should Purchase A PC Free Essays

Computers are capable of doing more things every year. There are many advantages to knowing how to use a computer, and it is important that everyone know how to use them properly. Using the information I have gathered, and my own knowledge from my 12 years of computer experience, I will explain the many advantages of owning a computer and knowing how to use a PC and I will attempt to explain why you should purchase a computer and learn how to use one properly. We will write a custom essay sample on Why You Should Purchase A PC or any similar topic only for you Order Now Webster’s New World Compact Dictionary defines a computer as â€Å"an electronic machine that performs rapid, complex calculations or compiles and correlates ata† (†Computer. ). While this definition gives one a very narrow view of what a computer is capable of doing, it does describe the basic ideas of what I will expand upon. We have been living through an age of computers for a short while now and there are already many people world wide that are computer literate. According to Using Computers: A Gateway to Information World Wide Web Edition, over 250 million Personal Computers (PC’s) were in use by 1995, and one out of every three homes had a PC (Shelly, Cashman, Waggoner, 138). Computers are easy to use when you know how they work and what the parts re. All computers perform the four basic operations of the information processing cycle: input, process, output, and storage. Data, any kind of raw facts, is required for the processing cycle to occur. Data is processed into useful information by the computer hardware. Most computer systems consist of a monitor, a system unit which contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a floppy-disk drive, a CD-ROM drive, speakers, a keyboard, a mouse, and a printer. Each component takes a part in one of the four operations. The keyboard and mouse are input devices that a person uses to enter data nto the computer. From there the data goes to the system unit where it is processed into useful information the computer can understand and work with. Next the processed data can be sent to storage devices or to output devices. Normally output is sent to the monitor and stored on the hard-disk or to a floppy-disk located internal of the system unit. Output can also be printed out through the printer, or can be played through the speakers as sound depending on the form it takes after it is processed. Once you have grasped a basic understanding of the basic parts and perations of a computer, you can soon discover what you can do with computers to make life easier and more enjoyable. Being computer literate allows you to use many powerful software applications and utilities to do work for school, business, or pleasure. Microsoft is the current leading producer of many of these applications and utilities. Microsoft produces software called operating systems that manage and regulate the information processing cycle. The oldest of these is MS-DOS, a single user system that uses typed commands to initiate tasks. Currently Microsoft has available operating systems that use visual cues such as icons to help enter data and run programs. These operating systems are ran under an environment called a Graphical User Interface (GUI’s). Such operating systems include Windows 3. xx, Windows 95, and Windows NT Workstation. Windows 95 is geared more for use in the home for productivity and game playing whereas Windows NT is more business orientated. The article entitled â€Å"Mine, All Mine† in the June 5, 1995 issue of Time stated that 8 out of 10 PC’s worldwide would not be able to start or run if it were not for Microsoft’s operating systems like MS-DOS, Windows 95, and Windows NT (Elmer-Dewitt, 1995, p. 50). By no means has Microsoft limited itself to operating systems alone. Microsoft has also produced a software package called Microsoft Office that is very useful in creating reports, data bases, spreadsheets, presentations, and other documents for school and work. Microsoft Office: Introductory Concepts and Techniques provides a detailed, step-by-step approach to the four programs included in Microsoft Office. Included in this package are Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Microsoft Word is a word processing program hat makes creating professional looking documents such as announcements, resumes, letters, address books, and reports easy to do. Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program, has features for data organization, calculations, decision making, and graphing. It is very useful in making professional looking reports. Microsoft Access, a powerful database management system, is useful in creating and processing data in a database. Microsoft PowerPoint is â€Å".. a complete presentation graphics program that allows you to produce professional looking presentations† (Shelly, Cashman, Vermaat, 2). PowerPoint is flexible enough so that you can create electronic presentations, overhead transparencies, or even 35mm slides. Microsoft also produces entertainment and reference programs. â€Å"Microsoft’s Flight Simulator is one of the best selling PC games of all time† (Elmer-Dewitt, 50). Microsoft’s Encarta is an electronic CD-ROM encyclopedia that makes for a fantastic alternative to 20 plus volume book encyclopedias. In fact, it is so popular, it outsells the Encyclopedia Britannica. These powerful business, productivity, and entertainment applications are just the beginning of what you an do with a PC. Knowing how to use the Internet will allow you access to a vast resource of facts, knowledge, information, and entertainment that can help you do work and have fun. According to Netscape Navigator 2 running under Windows 3. , â€Å"the Internet is a collection of networks, each of which is composed of a collection of smaller networks† (Shelly, Cashman, Jordan, N2). Information can be sent over the Internet through communication lines in the form of graphics, sound, video, animation, and text. These forms of computer media are known as hypermedia. Hypermedia is accessed through hypertext links, which are pointers to the computer where the hypermedia is stored. The World Wide Web (WWW) is the collection of these hypertext links throughout the Internet. Each computer that contains hypermedia on the WWW is known as a Web site and has Web pages set up for users to access the hypermedia. Browsers such as Netscape allow people to â€Å"surf the net† and search for the hypermedia of their choice. There are millions of examples of hypermedia on the Internet. You can find art, photos, information on business, the government, and colleges, television chedules, movie reviews, music lyrics, online news and magazines, sport sights of all kinds, games, books, and thousands of other hypermedia on the WWW. You can send electronic mail (E-Mail), chat with other users around the world, buy airline, sports, and music tickets, and shop for a house or a car. All of this, and more, provides one with a limitless supply of information for research, business, entertainment, or other personal use. Online services such as America Online, Prodigy, or CompuServe make it even easier to access the power of the Internet. The Internet alone is almost reason enough to become computer literate, but there is still much more that computers can do. Knowing how to use a computer allows you to do a variety of things in several different ways. One of the most popular use for computers today is for playing video games. With a PC you can play card games, simulation games, sport games, strategy games, fighting games, and adventure games. Today’s technology provides the ultimate experiences in color, graphics, sound, music, full motion video, animation, and 3D effects. Computers have also become increasingly useful n the music, film, and television industry. Computers can be used to compose music, create sound effects, create special effects, create 3D life-like animation, and add previous existing movie and TV footage into new programs, as seen in the movie Forrest Gump. All this and more can be done with computers. There is truly no time like the present to become computer literate. Computers will be doing even more things in the future and will become unavoidable. Purchasing and learning about a new PC now will help put PC’s into the other two-thirds of the homes worldwide and make the transition into a computer age easier. How to cite Why You Should Purchase A PC, Essay examples

Battle of Chattanooga free essay sample

With the situation worsening, President Lincoln made the Military Division of the Mississippi and placed Major General Ulysses S. Grant in command of all Union armies in the West. Moving quickly, Grant relieved Rosecrans, replacing him with Major General George H. Thomas, and engineer Major General William F. Smith to open a supply line to Chattanooga. After making a successful landing at Browns Landing, west of the city, Smith was able to link up with Thomas and open a supply route in October, which was known as the Cracker Line. On the night of October 28 and 29, Bragg ordered Lieutenant General James Longstreet to sever the Cracker Line. Attacking at Wauhatchie, the Confederate general was very mad. With a way into Chattanooga open, Grant began reinforcing the Union position by sending Major General Joseph Hooker with the XI and XII Corps and then an additional four divisions under Major General William T. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Chattanooga or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sherman. While Union forces were growing, Bragg reduced his army by sending Longstreets force to Knoxville to attack a Union force that was under Major General Ambrose Burnside. Having consolidated his position, Grant began offensive operations on November 23, by ordering Thomas to go on from the city and take a string of hills near the foot of Missionary Ridge. The next day, Hooker was ordered to take Lookout Mountain. Crossing the Tennessee River, Hookers men found that the Confederates had failed to defend a valley between the river and mountain. Attacking through this opening, Hookers men succeeded in pushing the Confederates off the mountain. As the fighting ended around 3:00 PM, a fog descended on the mountain, which gave the battle the name of The Battle Above the Clouds. To the north of the city, Grant ordered Sherman to attack the north end of Missionary Ridge. Moving across the river, Sherman took what he believed was the north end of the ridge, but was actually Billy Goat Hill. His advance was stopped by Confederates under Major General Patrick Cleburne at Tunnel Hill. He thought that a frontal assault on Missionary Ridge to be suicidal, Grant planned to envelop Braggs line with Hooker attacking the south and Sherman from the north. To defend his position, Bragg had wanted three rows of rifle pits to be dug on Missionary Ridge, with artillery on the very top. Moving out the next day, both attacks met with little success as Shermans men were unable to break Cleburnes line and Hooker was delayed by burned bridges over Chattanooga Creek. As reports of slow progress arrived, Grant began to believe that Bragg was weakening his center to reinforce his sides. To test this, he ordered Thomas to have his men advance and take the first line of Confederate rifle pits on Missionary Ridge. Attacking, the Army of the Cumberland, which for weeks had suffered taunts about the defeat at Chickamauga, succeeded in driving the Confederates from their position. Halting as ordered, the Army of the Cumberland soon found itself taking heavy fire from the other two lines of rifle pits above. Without orders, the men started to move up the hill in order to continue the battle. Though originally mad at what he perceived to be a neglect for his orders, Grant moved to have the attack supported. On the ridge, Thomas men advanced steadily, aided by the fact that Braggs engineers had accidentally placed the artillery on the actual crest of the ridge, rather than the military crest. This mistake stopped the guns from being brought to bear on the attackers. In one of the wars most dramatic events, the Union soldiers surged up the hill, broke Braggs center, and put the Army of Tennessee to rout. This battle finally ended in a Union win, which they were of course happy about, but even happier because of their loss at Chickamauga, so this win made them feel like it made up for their other loss. The victory at Chattanooga cost the Union 753 men that were killed, 4,7220 of the men in their troops were injured and 349 missing. The Confederate’s casualties were listed as 361 killed, 2,160 wounded, and 4,146 captured and missing. The Battle of Chattanooga opened the door for the invasion of the Deep South and the capture of Atlanta in 1864. In addition, the battle destroyed the Army of Tennessee and forced Confederate President Jefferson Davis to relieve Bragg and replace him General Joseph E. Johnston. Following the battle, Bragg’s men went back south to Dalton, GA. Hooker was sent out to pursue the broken army, but was defeated by Cleburne at the Battle of Riggold Gap on November 27, 1863. The Battle of Chattanooga was the last time Grant fought in the West as he moved East to deal with Confederate General Robert E. Lee the following spring. ? Bibliography †¢www. wikipedia. org †¢www. wiki. answers. com/ †¢http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Battle_Of_Chattanooga †¢http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Chattanooga †¢http://www. nps. gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn024. htm †¢http://www. battlesforchattanooga. com/

Process Design in Operations Management free essay sample

1. Introduction 1. 1 Blantyre Adventist Hospital Blantyre Adventist Hospital (BAH) is a 35-bed hospital with outpatient clinics and two operating theaters located in Blantyre which is one of Malawi’s commercial cities. It is a private hospital which is run by the Seventh Day Adventist Church in Malawi. The hospital employees more than six hundred people including doctors and nurses. 1. 2 Bakers Pride Limited Bakers Pride Limited is a confectionery company baking bread, rolls, cakes, pies and pastries. Bread is the company’s main product and is sold to a cross section of customers who take it along with tea for their breakfast. The company’s products are sold through supermarkets, food shops, grocery stores and the company’s own shops which sell bread sandwiches, snacks for take-out or on-premise consumption with tea or soft drinks. 1. Differences between Blantyre Adventist Hospital and Bakers Pride Limited The following presentation compares and contrasts Blantyre Adventist Hospital which is basically a services output organisation and Bakers Pride Limited which is a product output organisation in the following areas: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Process Design in Operations Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The process of transformation of inputs to outputs . Process and capacity design. 3. Supply chain management. 4. Scheduling. 2. 1. The process of transformation of inputs to outputs The creation of goods or services involves transforming or converting inputs into outputs. (William J. Stevenson 8th Ed. : 4). 2. 1. 1 Inputs The inputs for the two organizations include employees, facilities, buildings, equipment, laboratories, capital, energy, information and managerial. Some of these inputs are standardized for a particular organization while others are common in both organizations. For example, Bakers Pride has High-speed machinery which can accomplish the kneading and ripening processes in a matter of seconds while as Blantyre Adventist Hospital has equipments like anaesthesia machines, vital signs monitor surgical tables. These equipments are for specific purposes within their organisations but their degree of flexibility is not the same. For example the equipments for Bakers Pride are specifically for production of bread and other confectioneries while the equipments for Blantyre Adventist Hospital can be used on many patients according to doctors’ need for specific information. This also shows that the equipments used at Blantyre Adventist Hospital are mostly used to provide information to the doctors while the equipments used at Bakers Pride Limited are for production of goods. The inputs for Apart from sliced white bread, the company also offers myriad wheat breads and multigrain breads and snacks. Raw Materials In producing its products, Bakers Pride uses three basic ingredients: grain, water, and bakers yeast. The grain is ground according to the type of bread being made. All grains are composed of three parts: bran (the hard outer layer), germ (the reproductive component), and endosperm (the soft inner core). All three parts are ground together to make whole wheat and rye breads. To make white flour, the bran and the germ must be removed. Since bran and germ contain much of the nutrients in grain, the white flour is often enriched with vitamins and minerals. Some white flour has also been fortified with fiber and calcium. The grinding of the grain takes place at grain mills and then sold to the bakery in bulk. The bakery keeps the grains in storage sacks until they are ready to be used. In the baking factory, water and yeast are mixed with the flour to make dough. Additional ingredients such as salt, fat, sugar, honey, raisins and nuts are also added in the factory. The Manufacturing Process Mixing and kneading the dough Supply Chain Management Supply chain management is the coordination of production, inventory, location and transportation among the participants in a supply chain to achieve the best mix of responsiveness and for the market being served media. wiley. com/product data/excerpt/72/04712351/0471235172. pdf accessed on 30th June, 2011media. wiley. com/product data/excerpt/72/04712351/0471235172. pdf accessed on 30th June, 2011 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES 1. Degree of customer contact By its nature, services at BAH involve a much higher degree of customer contact than manufacturing. The performance of a service often occurs at the point of consumption. For example a surgery at BAH requires the presence of the surgeon and the patient. On the other hand, manufacturing allows a separation between production and consumption. This means that manufacturing process of Bakers, Pride Bakery can occur away from the consumer. 2. Uniformity of input Service operations are subject to greater variability of inputs than typical manufacturing operations. Each patient at the hospital presents a specific problem that has to be diagnosed before it can be treated and remedied. Manufacturing operations often have the ability to carefully control the amount of variability of inputs and thus achieve low variability in outputs. Consequently, job requirements for Bakers’ Pride are more uniform than services at BAH. 3. Labour content of jobs. Services at BAH involve a higher labour content than products of Baker’s Pride. 4. Uniformity of output. Due to higher automation in processing its products at Baker’s Pride, there is low variability and processing tends to be smooth and efficient. At BAH, activities sometimes appear to be slow and awkward although in some instances the processing is automated for example in identifying the patient’s records. As a result output is more variable. . Measurement of productivity. Measurement of productivity at Baker’s Pride is more straightforward due to the high degree of uniformity of most products. At BAH variations in demand intensity and in requirements from job to job productivity measurement considerably more difficult. For example productivity of two doctors. One may have a large number of routine cases like laboratory tests or ex r ay while the other will not have all these routines. Productivity of the two doctors will appear different and difficult to measure. 6. Production and delivery. Patients receive the services as they are being performed. Bakery products can be stored are transported between geographical areas. 7. Quality assurance. Quality assurance is more challenging in services where production and consumption occur at the same time. Moreover, the higher variability of input creates additional opportunity for the quality of output to suffer unless quality assurance is actively managed. Quality at the point of creation is typically more evident for services than for manufacturing where errors can be corrected before the customer receives the output. 8. Amount of inventory. Manufacturing systems usually have more inventories on hand (e. g. raw materials, finished goods) than service organizations. Nonetheless, both Baker’s Pride and BAH carry at least some items in inventory that are necessary for the operation of their business (e. g. office supplies). Hence, in spite of differing inventory requirements, managers for both BAH and Baker’s Pride make decisions concerning inventory (e. g. which items to stock, how much, when to reorder). Process and capacity design Process selection refers to deciding on the way production of goods or services will be organized. It has major implications for capacity planning, layout of facilities, equipment and design of works systems (W. J. Stevenson, 5th ed. : 217). Process design is frequently a process of adopting the appropriate systems for particular circumstances and of balancing the productivity/flexibility dilemmas like creation of customer satisfaction, controlling costs, process flexibility and capital intensity. Job shop, batch and flow are viewed as the three conventional process design options and their implications for production organization and work design are generally accepted. While Blantyre Adventist Hospital uses job shop process, Bakers pride uses batch processing. Being a service organisation, Blantyre Adventist Hospital has a high variety of services which have somewhat different processing requirements. As a result the process is highly flexible and uses general- purpose equipments and mostly skilled workers like doctors and nurses. Bakers Pride on the other hand uses batch processing as the volume and variety of its products are both moderate. However the equipment is not flexible though processing is intermittent like that at Blantyre Adventist Hospital. Scheduling Scheduling is establishing the timing of the use of equipment, facilities, and human activities in an organization (Stevenson W. J. , 8th edition, 655:1). Scheduling occurs in every organization, regardless of the nature of its activities. While Bakers’ Pride must schedule production by developing schedules for workers, equipment, purchases, maintenances, and so on, BAH must schedule admissions, surgery, nursing assignments, and support services such as meal preparation, security, maintenance and cleaning. Doctors and dentists must also schedule appointments. In decision- making hierarchy, scheduling decisions are the final step in the transformation process before actual output occurs. Many decisions about system design and operation have been made long before scheduling decisions. They include the capacity of the system, equipment selection, selection and training of workers and design of products or services. Consequently scheduling decisions are made within the constraints established by many other decisions, making them fairly narrow in scope and latitude. Apart from saving costs for both Bakers’ Pride and BAH, effective scheduling in a hospital can save lives and also become a source of competitive advantage in terms of customer service (shorter wait time) if competitors are less effective with their scheduling. 1. 4. 1 Scheduling operations. The first difference in scheduling between products and services is in scheduling operation.

Free Essays on Sitting Bull And The Sioux Resistance

Essay Analysis: Sitting Bull and the Sioux Resistance 1. The change in Lakota culture during the nineteenth century is best time lined by stages in Sitting Bull’s life. At the time of his birth, early in the century, the Lakota’s had just become fully mounted on horses and began acquiring guns from tradesman. In his youth, they had little conception of the white mans world. By his 30th birthday however the white mans world began to intrude. As whites steadily moved westward, conflicts increased and a few years later the Hunkpapas added the white man to their list of enemies. The first couple of battles, about 1863-64, the hunk papas saw defeat due to the failure of their traditional battle styles, lack of numbers, and lack of sufficient weapons. Soon after, the Treaty of 1868 split the tribes into two parts: those who chose to live in the Great Sioux reservation, led by Red Cloud, and those chose to fight and live the life of old, led by Sitting Bull. The discovery of gold in the 1870’s doomed the Lakota fate. Few last huge battles were fought but the gold rush meant increasing numbers of whites and government support. Finally the Lakotas were all either killed or moved to reservations and their old ways were gone, and reservation life was inevitable. These events show how greatly settlers affected the Indians way of living: as whites became more and more populous for whichever reason the Indian were forced to adapt, fight, and eventually completely change their lives to best suit the white mans wants and needs. 2. The Hunkpapas like all plains Indians fought in a time-honored fashion. Singly and in knots they galloped back and forth, firing arrows and musket balls at the enemy. Sometimes they gathered in bunches for a thrust at over-running their enemies. Each warrior sought to display bravery and glorious acts of war for pride. They only followed a leader when it suited his convenience or inclination. 3. Through... Free Essays on Sitting Bull And The Sioux Resistance Free Essays on Sitting Bull And The Sioux Resistance Essay Analysis: Sitting Bull and the Sioux Resistance 1. The change in Lakota culture during the nineteenth century is best time lined by stages in Sitting Bull’s life. At the time of his birth, early in the century, the Lakota’s had just become fully mounted on horses and began acquiring guns from tradesman. In his youth, they had little conception of the white mans world. By his 30th birthday however the white mans world began to intrude. As whites steadily moved westward, conflicts increased and a few years later the Hunkpapas added the white man to their list of enemies. The first couple of battles, about 1863-64, the hunk papas saw defeat due to the failure of their traditional battle styles, lack of numbers, and lack of sufficient weapons. Soon after, the Treaty of 1868 split the tribes into two parts: those who chose to live in the Great Sioux reservation, led by Red Cloud, and those chose to fight and live the life of old, led by Sitting Bull. The discovery of gold in the 1870’s doomed the Lakota fate. Few last huge battles were fought but the gold rush meant increasing numbers of whites and government support. Finally the Lakotas were all either killed or moved to reservations and their old ways were gone, and reservation life was inevitable. These events show how greatly settlers affected the Indians way of living: as whites became more and more populous for whichever reason the Indian were forced to adapt, fight, and eventually completely change their lives to best suit the white mans wants and needs. 2. The Hunkpapas like all plains Indians fought in a time-honored fashion. Singly and in knots they galloped back and forth, firing arrows and musket balls at the enemy. Sometimes they gathered in bunches for a thrust at over-running their enemies. Each warrior sought to display bravery and glorious acts of war for pride. They only followed a leader when it suited his convenience or inclination. 3. Through...

Manometer Definition and Purpose

Manometer Definition and Purpose A manometer is a scientific instrument used to measure gas pressures. Open manometers measure gas pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. A mercury or oil manometer measures gas pressure as the height of a fluid column of mercury or oil that the gas sample supports. How this works is, a column of mercury (or oil) is open at one end to the atmosphere and exposed to the pressure to be measured at the other end. Before use, the column is calibrated so that markings to indicate height correspond to known pressures. If atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure on the other side of the fluid, air pressure pushes the column toward the other vapor. If the opposing vapor pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, the column is pushed toward the side open to air. Common Misspellings: mannometer, manameter Example of a Manometer Probably the most familiar example of a manometer is a sphygmomanometer, which is used to measure blood pressure. The device consists of an inflatable cuff that collapses and releases the artery beneath it. A mercury or mechanical (anaeroid) manometer is attached to the cuff to measure a change in pressure. While aneroid sphygmomanometers are considered safer because they dont utilize toxic mercury and are less expensive, they are less accurate and require frequent calibration checks. Mercury sphygmomanometers display changes in blood pressure by changing the height of a mercury column. A stethoscope is used with the manometer for auscultation. Other Devices for Pressure Measurement In addition to the manometer, there are other techniques to measure pressure and vacuum. These include the McLeod gauge, the Bourdon gauge, and electronic pressure sensors.

Capital budgeting practices in different countriesindustrial Essay

Capital budgeting practices in different countriesindustrial corporations - Essay Example In today’s world of complex business process, corporate capital budgeting is one of the most important and critical decisions faced by the financial managers. In businesses individuals invests large sums of money which generate cash flow benefit over a period of more than one year. This is the crux of capital expenditures. The goods on which capital expenditures are made include purchasing of new equipments, acquiring of new technologies and that of launching research and development programs and so on. Along with these capital expenditures, a huge volume of cash outlays are involved with significant implications on the future values of the company. Analysis of capital expenditures is a crucial dimension in the business sphere. In this respect concept of capital budgeting (CB) can be introduced. In simple terms it is a business practice utilized for planning the acquisition of long term investments. The prime factor included in capital budgeting is that the organization or the company which builds and starts to use in one year will be highly useful in the future years (Finkler, 244). The importance of capital budgeting is immense as it includes decisions for the future profitability of the companies. Now this technique varies across geographical borders and difference exists in a stark manner within the corporations of developed and developing countries. Developed countries like United States of America exercise thorough scientific analysis associated with the capital budgeting techniques. ... While in the developing countries, the corporations practice formal processes and some also do not follow proper scientific methods for evaluation resulting from the lack of familiarity with such scientific methods (Blum, 1). The underlying mechanism of this paper is based on highlighting the capital budgeting practices in different countries industrial corporations. Decision making is the most crucial process within business operations. Effective decision making evolves from properly analyzing and evaluating the alternatives that are available and then selecting the most feasible as well valuable decision from the available options. The process of capital budgeting assesses the business operations of the companies through quantitative evaluation techniques. Through these techniques, capital budgeting method involves the forecasting of the performances of the future decisions associated with long term investments within the corporations. Capital budgeting techniques utilizes data fro m the financial and operating reports of the firms for predicting the performance of the investment in the corporate and their also their strategic options. In majority of the businesses CB process follows a synchronized application process which involves some fundamental evaluation techniques. The first step of CB is to collect investment ideas followed by a analysis of costs and benefits associated with the proposed investments. Then the subsequent step involves ranking attachments to each of the proposed investments followed by implementation of the selected investment and also simultaneous evaluation of the investments which are implemented. There are certain valuation techniques

Jury Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jury Bias - Essay Example However, there are states that permit a limited number of 6 people in juries when dealing with minor cases. It is also imperative to identify if there is a juror who harbors any individual interest either through bias or prejudice (Burns, 2006). Next is opening statements. This is whereby an outline of proof is presented by each side to the jury as trial proceeds. However, it is critical to note that opening statements are not the same as evidence but the expectations of the parties the evidence is supposed to prove. After that the trial moves to the presentation of testimony of witnesses or presentation of evidence. It is essential to observe here that the constitutional trial rights of each party are paramount under the guiding jurisdiction of the law. The first case to be presented is the prosecutions or plaintiffs. On that account, during the testimony of the witness, a direct examination is conducted by the side that summoned the witness. This is followed by cross examination by the side that did not call the witness. It I here where there is presentation of physical evidence such as weapons or documents among others for identification (Burnett, 2003). Next is the closing arguments whereby there is summary of the entire evidence by the sitting attorneys. Alternatively, the attorneys also attempt to make persuasion in favor of their client to the jury. It is during this step where the attorneys strongly invoke the constitutional trial rights of their clients and my open or close the arguments. Thereafter, instructions are presented to jury in order for the judges to make sound deliberations (Burns, 2006). In other words, during this phase there is reading of instructions on the law that governs the presented case. The last step entails deliberation whereby the case is considered in order to re ach a verdict. First, the jury elects a foreperson to oversee the discussions in order to be

Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius

Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Tourism has become the main focus for countries mainly for Small Island developing states and has affected residents in terms of economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. So, there is a need to understand how local residents perceptions contribute towards tourism. The purpose of the study is mainly to provide a theoretical basis and framework for assessing host attitudes on the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism and the environment are interrelated; the relationship between tourism and the environment has been universally recognized with the rapid increasing demand of tourists interacting with the natural environment. Tourism has the capacity to preserve as well as to destroy the environment. Studying the environmental impacts is a critical component of understanding how tourism affects the environment in Mauritius. An extensive literature covers the nature of the main interaction of tourist and host, characteristics of host-tourist relationship and thei r association with the environment. Researchers have been more interested towards the interaction between the tourists and the host. However, there are previous studies that have looked into the issue from tourist perspective. For achieving the purpose of the study a questionnaire was designed and a survey was done among the local residents. For the analysis part, quantitative approach was applied and the aim and objectives were in line with the majority of relevant literature. Consequently the methodology was elaborated, the sampling designs adopted, choice of instrument used, data collection follow the requirements, the limitation of the study was discussed and this leading to the conclusion and recommendation of the study. 1.1 Profile of Mauritius Mauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean situated in the African continent. The area of Mauritius is about 2,040 sq.km. and its population is around 1.3 million. The ethnic groups consist of: Indo-Mauritians 68%, Creoles 27 %, Sino-Mauritian 3% and Franco-Mauritian 2%.Religions found in Mauritius are: Hindu 48 %, Creoles 27 %, Muslim 16.6 %, Christian 8.6% and others 2.5 %. Since 1968, Mauritius has evolved from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle-income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial and tourist sectors. The economy rests on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel and financial services and it is also expanding into information technology. Annual tourism growth has been in the range of 5 % to 6%. This remarkable growth has led to more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality and much improved infrastructure. Mauritius is has become is one among the most successful and competitive economies in Af rica; 2010 GDP at market prices was estimated at $9.5 billion and per capita income at $7,420, one of the highest in Africa. Moreover, Mauritius also has international relations with countries found in the west ,with India and countries of southern and eastern Africa. It is a member of the African Union (AU), World Trade Organization (WTO), the commonwealth, La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Indian Ocean Commission, the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. 1.2 Problem Statement Tourism is a major industry and remains a valuable sector in many countries of the world. Tourism also contributes significantly to the countrys economy. Like most destinations; the development of tourism presents challenges to a countrys environment. As tourism development become more widespread, there tend to be changes in the environment (Husband Harrison, 1996), the capacity to absorb large numbers of people will be challenged (WTO, 1990) and environmental problems tend to rise. Recently, Mauritius has been facing some considerable negative environmental impacts from the tourist industry. This issue is quite debatable, because negative environmental impacts of tourism must be minimized and the aim must be towards building a green Mauritius. The challenge is therefore to maintain the long-term sustainability of tourist industry in Mauritius and subsequently derive benefits from it. Very oftten, tourism is seen as an opportunity for economic development, a tool for natural resourc e conservation and an opportunity for community development and empowerment of locals. As such, it becomes important to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius and to know whether residents support tourism development occurring or not. Understanding residents attitudes is complicated. Research shows that residents attitudes towards the environment are an indication of support for tourism development (Gursoy, 2002 Jurowski, 1997). A good understanding of the factors influencing support for development is important for residents, investors and policy makers (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). Residents must have positive perceptions of tourism in order to sustain tourism development in a country and it is agreed that active support from the host population contributes towards sustainability of a country. 1.3 Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism impacts are very complex to model as such investigating residents perceptions is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impacts prevailing in a country and to know residents support for future tourism development. The purpose of this study is therefore, to analyze environmental impacts in Mauritius resulting from tourism activities with the objectives to understand the nature of these impacts. To meet the above goals, four specific objectives have been developed. The objectives are as follows: To investigate residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius To find out if residents in Mauritius are aware of environmental issues To investigate the extent to which locals are involved in sustaining the environment To measure residents attitudes and responsibility towards environmental practices  Ã‚   Following these objectives two hypotheses have been put forward for testing. H1: There is a significant relationship between length of residency and positive environmental impacts of tourism H 5: There is a significant relationship between gender and environment oriented activities 1.4 Outline of dissertation Chapter 1-Introduction This chapter outlines the purpose of the research and the layout of the dissertation. The profile of our study that is Mauritius is also found in this chapter. Chapter 2-Literature Review In this chapter, the literature review consists of the various issues such as: residents perceptions towards tourism, positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism, tourism development and environmental sustainability in Mauritius. Chapter 3-Methodology This part covers the type of methodology that was used for conducting the survey and also highlights the limitation of the survey. Chapter 4-Results and Discussions This part shows the results obtained from the questionnaires that were distributed to residents in different regions. Data has been analyzed using graphical and Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Software. Chapter 5-Conclusions and Recommendations The last part identifies the possible solutions for the problems encountered with the poor involvement of locals and of the positive perceptions of residents towards environmental impacts of tourism, leading to a concluding note of the project. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The Tourism Industry is regarded as one of the most important and fastest growing industry around the world. Travel has been of great interest to people since the beginning of the civilization. Recently, it has been noted that there has been an increase in tourists arrivals, especially in small island states. According to UNWTO, tourism will continue to grow in 2011. Tourism sector has suffered from the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, but thanks to the improved economic conditions worldwide, international tourism has been able to recover from the decline brought in the financial crisis (United Nations, 2010). The travel and tourism industry is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the world and this industry is expected to generate about 9% of global GDP and provide for more than 235 million jobs representing 8 % of global employment (Merco Press, 2010).The WTO has set up the long-term forecast of the assessment of the development of tourism up to the first 20 y ears of the new millennium known as the Tourism 2020 vision.UNWTOs Tourism 2020 vision predicts that international arrivals are expected to be over 1.56 billion by the year 2020. Among the worldwide arrivals in 2020, 1.2 will be within the same region and 0.4 will be long distance travellers. The top three receiving regions will be Europe with 717 million tourists, East Asia and the Pacific around 397 million and the Americas with 282 million, followed by the Africa, Middle East and South Asia (UNWTO, 2011). As such, the tourist will continue to be a flourishing industry in the coming years. Tourism has been described as the smokeless industry that can bring maximum benefit to a community as compared to other economic activities. 2.2 Tourism impacts There are many academic researchers that have been done on the impacts of tourism. Many local communities believe that tourism bring changes in social, cultural, environmental and economic positions where tourism activities have had a close connection with the local communities (Beeton, 2006; Richards Hall, 2000).It is imperative to understand and assess tourism impacts so as to ensure that sustainability is maintained in the long-term of the tourism industry (Diedrich Garcia-Buades, 2008).As such, it becomes important to understand tourism impacts towards the community. Thus, the model at figure 1 helps to illustrate tourism impacts on the community. 2.2.1 Model of Support for Tourism development In the twenty-first century, researchers on tourism believe that there are two categories of impacts which are the positive and negative impacts and they have a direct occurrence on the host community as a result of tourism development (Fredline and Faulkner, 2000; Upchurch and Teivane, 2000). For example, as Ryan (1991) states that the greatest impacts of tourism will occur when there is a greater gap between the culture and income level of both host and tourist. Locals perceptions towards the tourism impacts can vary significantly. According to Sharma (2004), if residents have more positive attititudes towards tourism impacts, tourism development will be more successful in a community. If residents benefit from tourism development they support additional tourism planning and development in a community. Gursoy Rutherford (2004) outlines that tourism developers need to consider the perceptions and attitudes of residents before investing in scarce resources. In addition, understanding of residents perceptions towards tourism impacts can also help in identifying the types of tourism which have the potential for building community capacity (Moscardo, 2008, p.86). So, there exist different types of tourism impacts which have been discussed in details. 2.2.1 Economic impacts In the beginning, tourism was encouraged because of its economic impacts. It is highly accepted that tourism provides economic benefits to the community..Economic impacts are easier to research in a local community because it is small and generally it is more accessible. Moreover, tourism bring positive benefits on local economies and creates a visible impact on a countrys national GDP growth which can be an essential component for community development and poverty reduction. (Ashe, 2005). For instance, tourism creates employment for locals, investment opportunities, business opportunities, tax revenues for government and it also help small and medium enterprises for countries, regions and communities to expand (Ryan, 1998; Choi Sirakaya, 2005; Dyer, 2007) but on the other hand tourism can have negative economic impacts on the society such as: too much dependency on foreign capital, inflation , leakages and a low education trap for locals (Giannoni Maupertus, 2007). Yet, more impor tant is the benefits spread to the residents of local communities (Scheyvens, 2001). 2.2.2 Social and cultural impacts According to (Law, 1993) social and cultural impacts refer to changes to residents everyday experiences as well as to their values, way of life and intellectual and artistic products such as: arts, artifacts, customs, rituals and architecture. Social and cultural impacts are strongly interrelated and not limited only to the host area population (Glasson, 1995, p.34).In many destinations, the nature and traditional meanings of culture may be substantially changed when culture is redefined as market share (Earrington and Gewertz, 1996). Because of this, a host community may face cultural problems of the commercialization of culture, religion and the arts together with the misuse of indigeneous culture as attractions and be forced to adopt cultural habits of the tourists, such as their language, dress and manner to satisfy visitors (Cohen, 1979).Another downside of tourism development is seen in many parts of the world where tourism developments threaten the displacement of local people . On the other hand, (Glasson, 1992) argues that along with the downside of development, there are cultural benefits and intercultural communication between hosts and visitors that increase good understanding between them and without tourists, local culture and tradition may have been lost completely, as there is no market for traditional products. 2.2.3 Environmental impacts Environmental impacts occur as a result of tourism development in many regions of the world as communities struggle to find an optimal balance between optimal and conservation. Recently, it has been found that tourism activities are highly dependent on the environment. Research has shown the impacts that tourism has on natural resources (Green, Hunter and Moore, 1990).Most of the researchers have been conducted on natural or semi-natural areas, with very little research done on urban settings (Green, 1990).Specific sites have been examined such as Alpine areas (Goodman, 1989; Rodriguez, 1987), islands (Wilkinson, 1989), coastal areas (Martinez-Taberner, Moya and Forteza, 1990). In addition, most research has been focused around the negative impacts that tourism has on natural resources after the damage has taken place. As such, tourism is always blamed to be responsible for resource degradation (Farell and McLellan, 1987). Broader perspectives of the environmental impacts of tourism are discussed in the next paragraph. 2.3 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism â€Å"The environment is probably one of the most important contributors to the desirability and attractiveness of a destination. Scenic sites, amenable climates and unique landscape features have an important influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourism movement.† (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995, p.4) Tourism and the environment are interrelated as tourism is dependent on natural resources to survive. There are studies that have identified both the positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism (Burns Holden, 1995; Puckzo Ratz, 2000). Some of negative and positive impacts of tourism on the environment are illustrated in table 2.3. Table 2.3.1 Balance sheet of environmental impacts of tourism For the negative impacts of tourism, Puckzo and Ratz (2000) observed that tourism development that are not well-planned often leads to increased stress on destinations and in negative changes in the destinations physical and socio cultural attributes. According to Wood (1991), it is possible to identify broad categories of impacts that may affect all destinations. Therefore, it is important to elaborate on the positive and negative impacts of the environment. The negative environmental impacts of tourism can be as follows: 2.3.1 Water Pollution Water pollution is believed to be one of the environmental impacts caused by tourism. It can affect surfaces such as rivers, lakes and oceans. Chemical and oils spills from boats can cause devastating water pollution that kills water birds, shellfish and other wildlife. Tourists can also contribute to the degradation of the marine life also through:snorkelling,scuba diving and sport fishing can threaten fisheries and other marine resources. For example, tourism is known to have contributed to inappropriate development around Lake Tahoe in the United States (Iverson, Sheppard Strain, 1993) and at Pattaya in Thailand (Mieczkowski, 1995); oil pollution in water at King George island (Harris, 1991). 2.3.2 Waste Disposal Apart from the consumption of large amounts of natural resources, the tourism industry also produces considerable waste and pollution. In fact, disposal of liquid and solid waste generated by the tourism industry has posed a problem for many developing countries and some countries are incapable of treating these waste materials. This has led to reducing the availability of natural resources such as fresh water. For example, in Kerala state the tourist industry collapses after two decades of fast growth because there was inadequate disposal of solid waste. Tourists also contribute to land pollution from solid waste and the contamination of marine waters and coastal areas from pollution generated by marinas, hotels and cruise ships. For example: the cruise ships in the Caribbean Sea alone produced more than 70,000 tons of liquid and solid waste a year during the mid-1990s (UN,1999).the cruise sector around the world are facing this problem. In fact, the expansion of the cruise sector e nsures that the environment is protected across the world oceans and between the worlds tourist destinations (Johnson, 2002). 2.3.3 Coastal area degradation Tourism has already had adverse effects on coastal areas, especially in small islands developing states. Beaches are destroyed by sand quarrying and are normally not being replenished because of the destruction of coral reefs by waste disposal and pollution. Erosion occurs because of tourism facilities and infrastructures built too close to beach destruction and coastal degradation. Destruction to coastal areas is the removal of the mangrove forests which act as a home for birds and other animal which act as a barrier against damage to sea. Marine life can be disturbed by intensive use of thrill craft, boat tours and boat anchors. Anchor damage is regarded as one of the danger to coral reefs in the Carribean Sea as there are a growing number of both small boats and large cruise ships in the region (Michael Hall, 2001). 2.3.4 Climate Change External environmental shocks could be threatened to tourism, especially climate change such as: global warming and sea-level rise. Rises in sea level could threaten tourism activities particularly in coastal regions and small islands. Global warming is expected to change climate temperature and provoke climate events such as: tropical windstorms, coastal flooding and storms that may affect tourist activities in a destination (UN, 2000). 2.3.5 Land Degradation and littering Land resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests, wetland and wildlife. Pressures on natural resources have been increased due to intensive tourism development. Tourism can lead to the clearance of native vegetation for the development of new facilities and infrastructure; demand for fuel wood will be increased and even forest fires. Fragile areas such as: rain forests, wetlands and mangroves are threatened by tourism activities. Littering cause by tourists degrade the physical appearance of the environment. For example: tourists on expeditions leave behind their garbage and belongings. Such practices by tourists degrade the environment and some areas have few disposal facilities. 2.3.6 Damage to ecosystems The delicate ecosystems of most small islands are damaged by tourism activities, because they rely heavily on tourism. Tourism activities which are not properly controlled can also cause severe disruption of wildlife habitats and increased pressure on endangered species. For example, in Africas national parks tourists vehicles approach wild animals and very often distract them from hunting and breeding, (Masny, 2001). Trampling occurs by tourists, they use the same trail and trample the soil, causing damage which lead to loss of biodiversity and other impacts. Habitat loss, fragmentation and erosion in Nepal (Croall, 1995); destruction of wildlife at Zakynthos in Greece (Prunier, Sweeney Green, 1993); disturbance of animals and loss of area for production in Kenya (Sindiga Kannunah, 1999). 2.3.7 Air pollution Tourists contribute towards air pollution. Transport by air, road and rail are continuously increasing. Moreover, polluted air and water, dust, fumes from traffic congestion also degrade the quality and natural beauty of tourist destination (Williams, 1998, p.2) .Air pollution is the result of emissions from vehicles. Although, tourism is not so concerned for the overall emissions problems, recent issues such as: ozone destruction, greenhouse effect and global warming make tourism related to air pollution (Wheatcroft, 1991).But tourism is responsible for a large share of emissions, it accounts for more than 60% of air travel. 2.3.8 Noise pollution and visual pollution It is a fact that noise pollution from airplanes, cars, buses, discotheques and recreational vehicles are becoming an ever growing problem for modern life. Noise pollution cause disturbance and annoyance to the lives of people, stress for humans and it also causes distress to wildlife in sensitive areas. For example, noise generated by vehicles of tourists can cause animals to change their natural activity patterns .There is a lack of planning that fails to integrate tourism structures. Large resorts may clash with indigenous design. Building and structures; poorly designed do not comply with local building control and cause negative impacts on the picturesque scenery (Williams, 1998, p.2). These may include violations congestion of buildings and structures that are not harmonious with the natural landscape. 2.4 Preservation and conservation On the other side, tourism also contributes positively towards the environment. Tourism is regarded as the catalyst for preserving natural areas. Doswell (1997) argues that tourism lays emphasis to conserve and protect the environment. Tourism also draws attention to subjects regarding biodiversity, natural resources,endangered species and human impacts on the environment. Tourism is also used as a means to preserve natural areas rather than to develop them for alternative uses such as: agriculture, forestry and mining (Master, 1998). Mathieson and Wall (1982) further argued that tourism has fostered the protection of many species since they serve as major attractions. For example, in Ghana tourism has helped in maintaining the natural reserves.. In this way, natural areas become valuable and this can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks. National parks in East Africa were developped almost exclusively because they attract large number of international tourists .For example, in Hawaii, new laws and regulations have been set to preserve the rainforest and to protect native species. 2.4.1 Improvement of infrastructure The government is encouraged to invest more in infrastructure and recreational facilities when there are large number of tourists coming to a destination. As such, there is an improvement on road system, sewage disposal, and telecommunications among others which tourists use. Tourism can also act as a medium for improving the environment, according to Youell (1998) revenue received from park-entrance fees can be used to pay for protecting and managing sensitive areas. On the hand, in some places government collect money from tourists in indirect ways. For example: revenue obtained from recreation of equipment, license fees   obtained from hunting and fishing can help the government to fund and manage natural resources and finance infrastructure. As such the community will be able to benefit from facilities such as: attractive places, signage, lighting, litter bins and renovation of parks. 2.4.2 Creating environmental awareness People of the community become more environmental conscious of the problems prevailing in the environment. Tourism makes people becomes more environmental conscious. As such, peoples behavior towards the environment will change. Ross Wall (1999) suggested, tourism has the potential to contribute to both conservation and development and it involves the creation of positive synergetic relationships among tourism, biodiversity, and local people through the application of appropriate management strategies. 2.5 Residents perceptions towards tourism Sustainable tourism development can be achieved normally when all stakeholders are involved in tourism development process (Bryd, 2007). Sustainable tourism believes that the community is the focal point of tourism and planning process (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005).In addition, investigating the residents perceptions towards tourism is important because it influences their behaviour towards tourism (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003). Studies show that the perceptions of residents towards tourism differ from resident to resident. Sustainable tourism development largely depends on the hosts acceptability of tourists and tourism-related programs, offerings and activities by locals (Musa, Hall, and Higham 2004). The active support of the local population is required for tourism development to occur in a community. One indicator that affects tourism development in a destination is the host attitude (Lepp, 2007). In a destination area, the attitudes of the tourists and residents are taken into acco unt. Another factor that is likely to influence the negative and positive impacts of tourists destination is residents attachment to community. Some researchers, Canan and Hennessy (1989) states that the longer the residents live in a community, the more negative they are towards tourism development. The lengths of residency of locals have a direct impact on tourism development. Theories such as the attribution theory (Pearce, 1989); dependency theory (Preister, 2008), the social representation theory (Andriotis Vaughan, 2003), Butlers (1980) tourist area life cycle, Doxeys Irridex model (1970), the intrinsic and extrinsic framework (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997) and the social exchange theory (SET) (Ap, 1982) have been developed   in an attempt to better understand the host perceptions towards tourism. However, it is the SET that have received the greatest attention by scholars attempting to study residents attitudes towards tourism and their support towards tourism development (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). 2.5.1Social Exchange Theory In a tourism context, social exchange theory would mean an exchange of resources between the tourists and the host population where each of them supply each other with valued resources (Ap, 1990).SET implies that residents who gain benefits from the tourism industry are likely to perceive the industry as positive and thus support tourist industry, while those who perceive themselves incurring costs because of tourism would display negative attitudes towards tourism thereby opposing such development. Social exchange theory firmly believes that a need exists to measure the level of active participation of residents in the planning and development process associated with tourism development (Wang Pister, 2008). But, the theory has been criticized by stating that humans are isolated individuals and they respond like computer machines (Pearce, 1996). Furthermore, this theory needs to be further tested due to the complex nature of residents both in isolation and as collective individuals (Zhang, 2006). So, to have a better idea of resident attitude it is important to look at the intrinsic and extrinsic model. 2.5.2 Factors affecting residents attitudes towards tourists 2.5.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Model The factors that affect residents attitudes towards tourism are intrinsic and extrinsic variables (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997).The intrinsic variables refer to â€Å"the characteristics of the host community that affect the impacts of tourism with the host community† (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997, p.6) and includes factors such as: employment, length of residence, proximity to tourist zones and involvement within the tourism industry. Length of residency affect tourism development in a community, native born of the community have been found to have more negative perception of tourism development because they are attached to that place (Madrigal, 1995). On the other hand, Bisle and Hoy (1980) found a positive relationship between distance of residence from the tourist zone and perceptions. As regards to community attachment, studies showed that the longer a host has been a resident in the area; as such they become less attached to tourism (Weaver, 2001). Residents who are dependent and involved in the tourism sector are more likely to have positive attitudes towards tourism (Lindberg, 1 Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Mauritius CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Tourism has become the main focus for countries mainly for Small Island developing states and has affected residents in terms of economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. So, there is a need to understand how local residents perceptions contribute towards tourism. The purpose of the study is mainly to provide a theoretical basis and framework for assessing host attitudes on the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism and the environment are interrelated; the relationship between tourism and the environment has been universally recognized with the rapid increasing demand of tourists interacting with the natural environment. Tourism has the capacity to preserve as well as to destroy the environment. Studying the environmental impacts is a critical component of understanding how tourism affects the environment in Mauritius. An extensive literature covers the nature of the main interaction of tourist and host, characteristics of host-tourist relationship and thei r association with the environment. Researchers have been more interested towards the interaction between the tourists and the host. However, there are previous studies that have looked into the issue from tourist perspective. For achieving the purpose of the study a questionnaire was designed and a survey was done among the local residents. For the analysis part, quantitative approach was applied and the aim and objectives were in line with the majority of relevant literature. Consequently the methodology was elaborated, the sampling designs adopted, choice of instrument used, data collection follow the requirements, the limitation of the study was discussed and this leading to the conclusion and recommendation of the study. 1.1 Profile of Mauritius Mauritius is a small island in the Indian Ocean situated in the African continent. The area of Mauritius is about 2,040 sq.km. and its population is around 1.3 million. The ethnic groups consist of: Indo-Mauritians 68%, Creoles 27 %, Sino-Mauritian 3% and Franco-Mauritian 2%.Religions found in Mauritius are: Hindu 48 %, Creoles 27 %, Muslim 16.6 %, Christian 8.6% and others 2.5 %. Since 1968, Mauritius has evolved from a low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle-income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial and tourist sectors. The economy rests on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel and financial services and it is also expanding into information technology. Annual tourism growth has been in the range of 5 % to 6%. This remarkable growth has led to more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality and much improved infrastructure. Mauritius is has become is one among the most successful and competitive economies in Af rica; 2010 GDP at market prices was estimated at $9.5 billion and per capita income at $7,420, one of the highest in Africa. Moreover, Mauritius also has international relations with countries found in the west ,with India and countries of southern and eastern Africa. It is a member of the African Union (AU), World Trade Organization (WTO), the commonwealth, La Francophonie, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Indian Ocean Commission, the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association. 1.2 Problem Statement Tourism is a major industry and remains a valuable sector in many countries of the world. Tourism also contributes significantly to the countrys economy. Like most destinations; the development of tourism presents challenges to a countrys environment. As tourism development become more widespread, there tend to be changes in the environment (Husband Harrison, 1996), the capacity to absorb large numbers of people will be challenged (WTO, 1990) and environmental problems tend to rise. Recently, Mauritius has been facing some considerable negative environmental impacts from the tourist industry. This issue is quite debatable, because negative environmental impacts of tourism must be minimized and the aim must be towards building a green Mauritius. The challenge is therefore to maintain the long-term sustainability of tourist industry in Mauritius and subsequently derive benefits from it. Very oftten, tourism is seen as an opportunity for economic development, a tool for natural resourc e conservation and an opportunity for community development and empowerment of locals. As such, it becomes important to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius and to know whether residents support tourism development occurring or not. Understanding residents attitudes is complicated. Research shows that residents attitudes towards the environment are an indication of support for tourism development (Gursoy, 2002 Jurowski, 1997). A good understanding of the factors influencing support for development is important for residents, investors and policy makers (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). Residents must have positive perceptions of tourism in order to sustain tourism development in a country and it is agreed that active support from the host population contributes towards sustainability of a country. 1.3 Aims and Objectives The aim of this study is to assess residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius. Tourism impacts are very complex to model as such investigating residents perceptions is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impacts prevailing in a country and to know residents support for future tourism development. The purpose of this study is therefore, to analyze environmental impacts in Mauritius resulting from tourism activities with the objectives to understand the nature of these impacts. To meet the above goals, four specific objectives have been developed. The objectives are as follows: To investigate residents perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in Mauritius To find out if residents in Mauritius are aware of environmental issues To investigate the extent to which locals are involved in sustaining the environment To measure residents attitudes and responsibility towards environmental practices  Ã‚   Following these objectives two hypotheses have been put forward for testing. H1: There is a significant relationship between length of residency and positive environmental impacts of tourism H 5: There is a significant relationship between gender and environment oriented activities 1.4 Outline of dissertation Chapter 1-Introduction This chapter outlines the purpose of the research and the layout of the dissertation. The profile of our study that is Mauritius is also found in this chapter. Chapter 2-Literature Review In this chapter, the literature review consists of the various issues such as: residents perceptions towards tourism, positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism, tourism development and environmental sustainability in Mauritius. Chapter 3-Methodology This part covers the type of methodology that was used for conducting the survey and also highlights the limitation of the survey. Chapter 4-Results and Discussions This part shows the results obtained from the questionnaires that were distributed to residents in different regions. Data has been analyzed using graphical and Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Software. Chapter 5-Conclusions and Recommendations The last part identifies the possible solutions for the problems encountered with the poor involvement of locals and of the positive perceptions of residents towards environmental impacts of tourism, leading to a concluding note of the project. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The Tourism Industry is regarded as one of the most important and fastest growing industry around the world. Travel has been of great interest to people since the beginning of the civilization. Recently, it has been noted that there has been an increase in tourists arrivals, especially in small island states. According to UNWTO, tourism will continue to grow in 2011. Tourism sector has suffered from the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, but thanks to the improved economic conditions worldwide, international tourism has been able to recover from the decline brought in the financial crisis (United Nations, 2010). The travel and tourism industry is one of the largest and most dynamic industries in the world and this industry is expected to generate about 9% of global GDP and provide for more than 235 million jobs representing 8 % of global employment (Merco Press, 2010).The WTO has set up the long-term forecast of the assessment of the development of tourism up to the first 20 y ears of the new millennium known as the Tourism 2020 vision.UNWTOs Tourism 2020 vision predicts that international arrivals are expected to be over 1.56 billion by the year 2020. Among the worldwide arrivals in 2020, 1.2 will be within the same region and 0.4 will be long distance travellers. The top three receiving regions will be Europe with 717 million tourists, East Asia and the Pacific around 397 million and the Americas with 282 million, followed by the Africa, Middle East and South Asia (UNWTO, 2011). As such, the tourist will continue to be a flourishing industry in the coming years. Tourism has been described as the smokeless industry that can bring maximum benefit to a community as compared to other economic activities. 2.2 Tourism impacts There are many academic researchers that have been done on the impacts of tourism. Many local communities believe that tourism bring changes in social, cultural, environmental and economic positions where tourism activities have had a close connection with the local communities (Beeton, 2006; Richards Hall, 2000).It is imperative to understand and assess tourism impacts so as to ensure that sustainability is maintained in the long-term of the tourism industry (Diedrich Garcia-Buades, 2008).As such, it becomes important to understand tourism impacts towards the community. Thus, the model at figure 1 helps to illustrate tourism impacts on the community. 2.2.1 Model of Support for Tourism development In the twenty-first century, researchers on tourism believe that there are two categories of impacts which are the positive and negative impacts and they have a direct occurrence on the host community as a result of tourism development (Fredline and Faulkner, 2000; Upchurch and Teivane, 2000). For example, as Ryan (1991) states that the greatest impacts of tourism will occur when there is a greater gap between the culture and income level of both host and tourist. Locals perceptions towards the tourism impacts can vary significantly. According to Sharma (2004), if residents have more positive attititudes towards tourism impacts, tourism development will be more successful in a community. If residents benefit from tourism development they support additional tourism planning and development in a community. Gursoy Rutherford (2004) outlines that tourism developers need to consider the perceptions and attitudes of residents before investing in scarce resources. In addition, understanding of residents perceptions towards tourism impacts can also help in identifying the types of tourism which have the potential for building community capacity (Moscardo, 2008, p.86). So, there exist different types of tourism impacts which have been discussed in details. 2.2.1 Economic impacts In the beginning, tourism was encouraged because of its economic impacts. It is highly accepted that tourism provides economic benefits to the community..Economic impacts are easier to research in a local community because it is small and generally it is more accessible. Moreover, tourism bring positive benefits on local economies and creates a visible impact on a countrys national GDP growth which can be an essential component for community development and poverty reduction. (Ashe, 2005). For instance, tourism creates employment for locals, investment opportunities, business opportunities, tax revenues for government and it also help small and medium enterprises for countries, regions and communities to expand (Ryan, 1998; Choi Sirakaya, 2005; Dyer, 2007) but on the other hand tourism can have negative economic impacts on the society such as: too much dependency on foreign capital, inflation , leakages and a low education trap for locals (Giannoni Maupertus, 2007). Yet, more impor tant is the benefits spread to the residents of local communities (Scheyvens, 2001). 2.2.2 Social and cultural impacts According to (Law, 1993) social and cultural impacts refer to changes to residents everyday experiences as well as to their values, way of life and intellectual and artistic products such as: arts, artifacts, customs, rituals and architecture. Social and cultural impacts are strongly interrelated and not limited only to the host area population (Glasson, 1995, p.34).In many destinations, the nature and traditional meanings of culture may be substantially changed when culture is redefined as market share (Earrington and Gewertz, 1996). Because of this, a host community may face cultural problems of the commercialization of culture, religion and the arts together with the misuse of indigeneous culture as attractions and be forced to adopt cultural habits of the tourists, such as their language, dress and manner to satisfy visitors (Cohen, 1979).Another downside of tourism development is seen in many parts of the world where tourism developments threaten the displacement of local people . On the other hand, (Glasson, 1992) argues that along with the downside of development, there are cultural benefits and intercultural communication between hosts and visitors that increase good understanding between them and without tourists, local culture and tradition may have been lost completely, as there is no market for traditional products. 2.2.3 Environmental impacts Environmental impacts occur as a result of tourism development in many regions of the world as communities struggle to find an optimal balance between optimal and conservation. Recently, it has been found that tourism activities are highly dependent on the environment. Research has shown the impacts that tourism has on natural resources (Green, Hunter and Moore, 1990).Most of the researchers have been conducted on natural or semi-natural areas, with very little research done on urban settings (Green, 1990).Specific sites have been examined such as Alpine areas (Goodman, 1989; Rodriguez, 1987), islands (Wilkinson, 1989), coastal areas (Martinez-Taberner, Moya and Forteza, 1990). In addition, most research has been focused around the negative impacts that tourism has on natural resources after the damage has taken place. As such, tourism is always blamed to be responsible for resource degradation (Farell and McLellan, 1987). Broader perspectives of the environmental impacts of tourism are discussed in the next paragraph. 2.3 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism â€Å"The environment is probably one of the most important contributors to the desirability and attractiveness of a destination. Scenic sites, amenable climates and unique landscape features have an important influence in tourism development and the spatial distribution of tourism movement.† (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995, p.4) Tourism and the environment are interrelated as tourism is dependent on natural resources to survive. There are studies that have identified both the positive and negative environmental impacts of tourism (Burns Holden, 1995; Puckzo Ratz, 2000). Some of negative and positive impacts of tourism on the environment are illustrated in table 2.3. Table 2.3.1 Balance sheet of environmental impacts of tourism For the negative impacts of tourism, Puckzo and Ratz (2000) observed that tourism development that are not well-planned often leads to increased stress on destinations and in negative changes in the destinations physical and socio cultural attributes. According to Wood (1991), it is possible to identify broad categories of impacts that may affect all destinations. Therefore, it is important to elaborate on the positive and negative impacts of the environment. The negative environmental impacts of tourism can be as follows: 2.3.1 Water Pollution Water pollution is believed to be one of the environmental impacts caused by tourism. It can affect surfaces such as rivers, lakes and oceans. Chemical and oils spills from boats can cause devastating water pollution that kills water birds, shellfish and other wildlife. Tourists can also contribute to the degradation of the marine life also through:snorkelling,scuba diving and sport fishing can threaten fisheries and other marine resources. For example, tourism is known to have contributed to inappropriate development around Lake Tahoe in the United States (Iverson, Sheppard Strain, 1993) and at Pattaya in Thailand (Mieczkowski, 1995); oil pollution in water at King George island (Harris, 1991). 2.3.2 Waste Disposal Apart from the consumption of large amounts of natural resources, the tourism industry also produces considerable waste and pollution. In fact, disposal of liquid and solid waste generated by the tourism industry has posed a problem for many developing countries and some countries are incapable of treating these waste materials. This has led to reducing the availability of natural resources such as fresh water. For example, in Kerala state the tourist industry collapses after two decades of fast growth because there was inadequate disposal of solid waste. Tourists also contribute to land pollution from solid waste and the contamination of marine waters and coastal areas from pollution generated by marinas, hotels and cruise ships. For example: the cruise ships in the Caribbean Sea alone produced more than 70,000 tons of liquid and solid waste a year during the mid-1990s (UN,1999).the cruise sector around the world are facing this problem. In fact, the expansion of the cruise sector e nsures that the environment is protected across the world oceans and between the worlds tourist destinations (Johnson, 2002). 2.3.3 Coastal area degradation Tourism has already had adverse effects on coastal areas, especially in small islands developing states. Beaches are destroyed by sand quarrying and are normally not being replenished because of the destruction of coral reefs by waste disposal and pollution. Erosion occurs because of tourism facilities and infrastructures built too close to beach destruction and coastal degradation. Destruction to coastal areas is the removal of the mangrove forests which act as a home for birds and other animal which act as a barrier against damage to sea. Marine life can be disturbed by intensive use of thrill craft, boat tours and boat anchors. Anchor damage is regarded as one of the danger to coral reefs in the Carribean Sea as there are a growing number of both small boats and large cruise ships in the region (Michael Hall, 2001). 2.3.4 Climate Change External environmental shocks could be threatened to tourism, especially climate change such as: global warming and sea-level rise. Rises in sea level could threaten tourism activities particularly in coastal regions and small islands. Global warming is expected to change climate temperature and provoke climate events such as: tropical windstorms, coastal flooding and storms that may affect tourist activities in a destination (UN, 2000). 2.3.5 Land Degradation and littering Land resources include minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests, wetland and wildlife. Pressures on natural resources have been increased due to intensive tourism development. Tourism can lead to the clearance of native vegetation for the development of new facilities and infrastructure; demand for fuel wood will be increased and even forest fires. Fragile areas such as: rain forests, wetlands and mangroves are threatened by tourism activities. Littering cause by tourists degrade the physical appearance of the environment. For example: tourists on expeditions leave behind their garbage and belongings. Such practices by tourists degrade the environment and some areas have few disposal facilities. 2.3.6 Damage to ecosystems The delicate ecosystems of most small islands are damaged by tourism activities, because they rely heavily on tourism. Tourism activities which are not properly controlled can also cause severe disruption of wildlife habitats and increased pressure on endangered species. For example, in Africas national parks tourists vehicles approach wild animals and very often distract them from hunting and breeding, (Masny, 2001). Trampling occurs by tourists, they use the same trail and trample the soil, causing damage which lead to loss of biodiversity and other impacts. Habitat loss, fragmentation and erosion in Nepal (Croall, 1995); destruction of wildlife at Zakynthos in Greece (Prunier, Sweeney Green, 1993); disturbance of animals and loss of area for production in Kenya (Sindiga Kannunah, 1999). 2.3.7 Air pollution Tourists contribute towards air pollution. Transport by air, road and rail are continuously increasing. Moreover, polluted air and water, dust, fumes from traffic congestion also degrade the quality and natural beauty of tourist destination (Williams, 1998, p.2) .Air pollution is the result of emissions from vehicles. Although, tourism is not so concerned for the overall emissions problems, recent issues such as: ozone destruction, greenhouse effect and global warming make tourism related to air pollution (Wheatcroft, 1991).But tourism is responsible for a large share of emissions, it accounts for more than 60% of air travel. 2.3.8 Noise pollution and visual pollution It is a fact that noise pollution from airplanes, cars, buses, discotheques and recreational vehicles are becoming an ever growing problem for modern life. Noise pollution cause disturbance and annoyance to the lives of people, stress for humans and it also causes distress to wildlife in sensitive areas. For example, noise generated by vehicles of tourists can cause animals to change their natural activity patterns .There is a lack of planning that fails to integrate tourism structures. Large resorts may clash with indigenous design. Building and structures; poorly designed do not comply with local building control and cause negative impacts on the picturesque scenery (Williams, 1998, p.2). These may include violations congestion of buildings and structures that are not harmonious with the natural landscape. 2.4 Preservation and conservation On the other side, tourism also contributes positively towards the environment. Tourism is regarded as the catalyst for preserving natural areas. Doswell (1997) argues that tourism lays emphasis to conserve and protect the environment. Tourism also draws attention to subjects regarding biodiversity, natural resources,endangered species and human impacts on the environment. Tourism is also used as a means to preserve natural areas rather than to develop them for alternative uses such as: agriculture, forestry and mining (Master, 1998). Mathieson and Wall (1982) further argued that tourism has fostered the protection of many species since they serve as major attractions. For example, in Ghana tourism has helped in maintaining the natural reserves.. In this way, natural areas become valuable and this can lead to creation of national parks and wildlife parks. National parks in East Africa were developped almost exclusively because they attract large number of international tourists .For example, in Hawaii, new laws and regulations have been set to preserve the rainforest and to protect native species. 2.4.1 Improvement of infrastructure The government is encouraged to invest more in infrastructure and recreational facilities when there are large number of tourists coming to a destination. As such, there is an improvement on road system, sewage disposal, and telecommunications among others which tourists use. Tourism can also act as a medium for improving the environment, according to Youell (1998) revenue received from park-entrance fees can be used to pay for protecting and managing sensitive areas. On the hand, in some places government collect money from tourists in indirect ways. For example: revenue obtained from recreation of equipment, license fees   obtained from hunting and fishing can help the government to fund and manage natural resources and finance infrastructure. As such the community will be able to benefit from facilities such as: attractive places, signage, lighting, litter bins and renovation of parks. 2.4.2 Creating environmental awareness People of the community become more environmental conscious of the problems prevailing in the environment. Tourism makes people becomes more environmental conscious. As such, peoples behavior towards the environment will change. Ross Wall (1999) suggested, tourism has the potential to contribute to both conservation and development and it involves the creation of positive synergetic relationships among tourism, biodiversity, and local people through the application of appropriate management strategies. 2.5 Residents perceptions towards tourism Sustainable tourism development can be achieved normally when all stakeholders are involved in tourism development process (Bryd, 2007). Sustainable tourism believes that the community is the focal point of tourism and planning process (Choi and Sirakaya, 2005).In addition, investigating the residents perceptions towards tourism is important because it influences their behaviour towards tourism (Andriotis and Vaughan, 2003). Studies show that the perceptions of residents towards tourism differ from resident to resident. Sustainable tourism development largely depends on the hosts acceptability of tourists and tourism-related programs, offerings and activities by locals (Musa, Hall, and Higham 2004). The active support of the local population is required for tourism development to occur in a community. One indicator that affects tourism development in a destination is the host attitude (Lepp, 2007). In a destination area, the attitudes of the tourists and residents are taken into acco unt. Another factor that is likely to influence the negative and positive impacts of tourists destination is residents attachment to community. Some researchers, Canan and Hennessy (1989) states that the longer the residents live in a community, the more negative they are towards tourism development. The lengths of residency of locals have a direct impact on tourism development. Theories such as the attribution theory (Pearce, 1989); dependency theory (Preister, 2008), the social representation theory (Andriotis Vaughan, 2003), Butlers (1980) tourist area life cycle, Doxeys Irridex model (1970), the intrinsic and extrinsic framework (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997) and the social exchange theory (SET) (Ap, 1982) have been developed   in an attempt to better understand the host perceptions towards tourism. However, it is the SET that have received the greatest attention by scholars attempting to study residents attitudes towards tourism and their support towards tourism development (Gursoy Rutherford, 2004). 2.5.1Social Exchange Theory In a tourism context, social exchange theory would mean an exchange of resources between the tourists and the host population where each of them supply each other with valued resources (Ap, 1990).SET implies that residents who gain benefits from the tourism industry are likely to perceive the industry as positive and thus support tourist industry, while those who perceive themselves incurring costs because of tourism would display negative attitudes towards tourism thereby opposing such development. Social exchange theory firmly believes that a need exists to measure the level of active participation of residents in the planning and development process associated with tourism development (Wang Pister, 2008). But, the theory has been criticized by stating that humans are isolated individuals and they respond like computer machines (Pearce, 1996). Furthermore, this theory needs to be further tested due to the complex nature of residents both in isolation and as collective individuals (Zhang, 2006). So, to have a better idea of resident attitude it is important to look at the intrinsic and extrinsic model. 2.5.2 Factors affecting residents attitudes towards tourists 2.5.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Model The factors that affect residents attitudes towards tourism are intrinsic and extrinsic variables (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997).The intrinsic variables refer to â€Å"the characteristics of the host community that affect the impacts of tourism with the host community† (Faulkner Tideswell, 1997, p.6) and includes factors such as: employment, length of residence, proximity to tourist zones and involvement within the tourism industry. Length of residency affect tourism development in a community, native born of the community have been found to have more negative perception of tourism development because they are attached to that place (Madrigal, 1995). On the other hand, Bisle and Hoy (1980) found a positive relationship between distance of residence from the tourist zone and perceptions. As regards to community attachment, studies showed that the longer a host has been a resident in the area; as such they become less attached to tourism (Weaver, 2001). Residents who are dependent and involved in the tourism sector are more likely to have positive attitudes towards tourism (Lindberg, 1